Editing Benign Bladder Tumours

# '''Epithelial metaplasia'''
#* '''Squamous metaplasia'''
#** Often has a '''knobby appearance''' and is covered by '''white, flaky,''' '''easily disrupted material lying on the trigone'''.
#** '''≈40% of women''' and 5% of men '''have squamous metaplasia of the bladder, which is usually related to infection, trauma, or surgery; a normal finding in premenopausal females'''
#* '''Glandular metaplasia'''
#** '''Appears as clumps of raised red areas that appear inflammatory'''
#** '''Often confused for cancer'''
#* '''No treatment is needed'''
# '''Leukoplakia'''
#* '''Similar to squamous metaplasia with the addition of keratin deposition''' that appears as a white flaky substance floating in the bladder
#* '''No treatment is needed'''
# '''Urothelial papilloma'''
#* '''Composed of delicate stalks''' lined by normal-appearing urothelium
#* '''Papillomas may recur, but do not progress or invade'''
# '''Inverted papilloma'''
#* '''Associated with chronic inflammation or bladder outlet obstruction'''
#* Can be located throughout the bladder but '''most commonly on the trigone'''
#* '''1% incidence of tumor recurrence, but do not progress or invade'''
#* Transurethral resection is the treatment
# '''Nephrogenic Adenoma'''
#* '''Rare'''
#* '''Caused by chronic irritation of the urothelium; also associated with trauma''', previous surgery, '''renal''' '''transplantation, intravesical chemotherapy, stones, catheters, and infection'''
# '''Cystitis Cystica and Glandularis'''
#* Common finding in normal bladders
#* '''Usually associated with inflammation or chronic obstruction'''
#* '''Cystitis glandularis may be associated with pelvic lipomatosis'''
#* '''Few case reports of cystitis cystica or glandularis transforming into adenocarcinoma, and therefore regular endoscopic evaluation of patients with these entities is recommended'''
# '''Leiomyoma'''
#* Occur most commonly in women of childbearing age
#* Surgical resection is required if the leiomyoma is large or painful
# '''Endometriosis'''

** Can be treated with hormones, TUR, or partial cystectomy

== Questions ==

# List benign tumours of the bladder

== Answers ==

# List benign tumours of the bladder
## Epithelial metaplasia
## Leukoplakia
## Papilloma
## Inverted papilloma
## Nephrogenic adenoma
## Cystitis cystica/glandularis
## Leiomyoma
## Endometriosis

== References ==

* Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA (eds): CAMPBELL-WALSH UROLOGY, ed 11. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2015, chap 92