Editing Bladder Cancer: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis (section)

== Epidemiology ==

=== Incidence ===
* Worldwide
**10th most common cancer worldwide§
*** Incidence highest in developed countries
*USA
** Accounts for 7% of all cancers diagnosed in the USA
**2023 estimated incidence: 82,290[https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21763]
* Canada
**5th most common cancer overall in Canada
***2020 estimated incidence: 12,200 diagnosed with bladder cancer§

=== Mortality ===
* USA
**2023 estimated mortality: 16,710[https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21763]
*Canada
**2020 estimated mortality in Canada: 2,600 deaths from bladder cancer§
* Rate decreased by 5% since 1990, primarily because of smoking cessation, changes in environmental carcinogens, and healthier lifestyles
* Higher mortality rates in Egypt because of highly prevalent squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
* A study found that 31% of all bladder cancer deaths in the elderly were avoidable, more commonly in non-invasive than invasive disease
* 5 Yr overall survival by stage:
** Ta: 98%
** T1: 90%
** T2: 65%
** T3 or T4a: 50%
** T4b or N+ or M1: 15%

=== Gender ===
* '''More common in males than females'''
** '''Ratio M:F 3:1'''
*** '''Worse oncological outcomes in females due to (2):'''
***# More aggressive disease at diagnosis (e.g., a higher proportion of MIBC)
***# Higher proportion of certain variant histologies (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma)

=== Age ===
* Median age at diagnosis: 70 (for men and women)
** Incidence of bladder cancer and mortality from the disease increase with age
** '''In general, adolescents and young adults (< 40 years) tend to develop well-differentiated noninvasive, rather than invasive, bladder cancer'''

=== Race ===
* Primarily affects Caucasian Americans
** A white male has a 3.7% chance of developing urothelial cancer in his lifetime, which is roughly 3x the probability in white females or African-American males