Editing Kidney Cancer: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis (section)

== Epidemiology ==
Many databases include upper tract urothelial carcinoma with kidney cancer and therefore independent incidence of kidney cancer cannot be assessed
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538338/ GLOBOCAN] includes ICD-9 C65 - "Malignant neoplasm of renal pelvis" with kidney cancer
=== Incidence ===

* Incidence has been increasing due to (2):
# Increased use of diagnostic imaging
#* Greatest increase has been in small, clinically localized renal amsses which now represent > 40% of incident tumours.
# Increased prevalence of risk factors (e.g. obesity), see below

*'''Worldwide'''
**Incidence rates are higher in developed countries
*** Likely due to increased use of diagnostic imaging
* '''US'''[https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21763]
** Includes renal pelvis cancers
** '''Estimated incidence 2023: 81,800''' (2022: 79,000)
* '''Canada'''[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32122974/]
** Includes renal pelvis cancers
** Estimated incidence 2020: 7,500
*** 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada

=== Mortality ===
* '''US'''[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35020204/]
** Includes renal pelvis cancers
** '''Estimated mortality 2022: 13,920''' (2021: 13,780[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33433946/])

* 5-year relative survival (survival relative to population without disease) based on disease stage at diagnosis[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33433946/]:
** Localized: 93%
** Regional: 70%
** Distant: 13%
** All stages: 75%
* '''Most lethal of all GU malignancies'''
** 5-year relative survival all stages for[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33433946/]:
*** Prostate cancer: 98%
*** Bladder: 77%
* Survival has been increasing (≈1% year since 2004)

=== <span style="color:#ff0000">Gender</span> ===
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Incidence M:F 1.75:1[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35020204/]</span>'''
** '''Overall mortality worse in males'''

=== Age ===
* Typical presentation between age 50-70; median age at diagnosis: 64
** '''RCC in children and young adults is more likely to be symptomatic, locally advanced, high grade, and of unfavorable histologic subtypes.'''
*** Children and young adults may respond better to surgical therapy and aggressive approach and formal lymphadenectomy has been recommended at the time of radical nephrectomy

=== Race ===
* More common in Blacks, American Indian, and Alaska Native populations than Whites