Editing Landmark studies (section)

== Oncology ==

=== Prostate Cancer ===

==== Prevention ====

* PCPT 2003 (Finasteride)
* SELECT 2009 (Selenium and Vitamin E) 
* REDUCE 2010 (Dutasteride)

==== Screening ====

* PLCO 2008
* ERSPC 2009
* Goteburg 2010
* CAP 2018

==== Diagnosis and Evaluation ====

* MRI PROMIS 2017
* PRECISION 2018
* MRI-FIRST 2019
* ASIST 2019 (MRI in AS) 
* STHLM3 NEJM 2021 (MRI-targetted vs. standard biopsy in prostate cancer screening) 
* PET proPSMA 2020 
* [[Prostate Cancer: Diagnosis and evaluation#Targeted biopsy only vs. targeted and systematic|Goteborg-2 NEJM 2022 & 2024]] (Systematic +/- targeted vs. targeted only prostate biopsy diagnosis and screening) 

==== PSA and Other Markers ====

* Stamey et al. NEJM 1987
* Catalona et al. NEJM 1991
* Catalona et al. J Urol 1994 (PSA vs. DRE detection in screening)
* Catalona et al. 1998 (%fPSA)

==== Prostate Biopsy ====

* Antibiotic Prophylaxis in TRUS Biopsy of the Prostate Cochrane Review 2011
* Rates of hospital admission and mortality after TRUS-biopsy J Urol 2013

==== Management of Localized Disease ====

===== Observation vs. Treatment of Prostate Cancer =====

* PIVOT NEJM 2012
* SPCG-4 NEJM 2014
* PROTECT NEJM 2016

==== Active surveillance ====

* REDEEM Lancet 2012 (dutasteride in AS progression)

==== Radical prostatectomy ====

* Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy

==== Radiation and ADT ====

* EORTC 22863 NEJM 1997 (EBRT +/- 3 years ADT)
* RTOG 86-10 (EBRT +/- 4 months ADT)
* RTOG 92-02
* EORTC 22961
* PR3/PR07
* SPCG-7/SFUO-3 

==== Post-prostatectomy radiation ====

* Adjuvant vs. Observation
**[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Prostate_Cancer:_Management_of_Locally_Advanced_Prostate_Cancer#Southwest_Oncology_Group_(SWOG)_8794 SWOG 8794]
**[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Prostate_Cancer:_Management_of_Locally_Advanced_Prostate_Cancer#European_Organization_for_Research_and_Treatment_of_Cancer_(EORTC)_22911 EORTC 22911]
**[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Prostate_Cancer:_Management_of_Locally_Advanced_Prostate_Cancer#ARO_96-02 ARO 96-02]
*ARTISTIC Lancet 2020 (meta-analysis of adjuvant vs. salvage)
*RADICALS Lancet 2020 (adjuvant vs. salvage)

==== Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer ====

* CHAARTED NEJM 2015 (docetaxel)
* STAMPEDE Lancet 2016 (docetaxel)
* STAMPEDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone)
* LATITUDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone)
* STAMPEDE Lancet 2018 (radiation)
* ENZAMET NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide)
* ARCHES JCO 2019 (enzalutamide)
* TITAN NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide)
*[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Hormonal_Therapy#LHRH_antagonists HERO NEJM 2020 (LHRH antagonist)]

==== Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer ====

===== Non-metastatic =====

* ARAMIS NEJM 2018 (darolutamide)
* SPARTAN NEJM 2018 (apalutamide)
* PROSPER NEJM 2018 (enzalutamide)

===== Metastatic =====
Pre-docetaxel 

* AFFIRM NEJM 2012 (enzalutamide)
* PREVAIL NEJM 2014 (enzalutamide)
* COU-AA-302
* TAX-327
* IMPACT

Post-docetaxel 

* COU-AA-301 
* VISION (177Lu-PSMA-617)
* PROfound NEJM 2020 (Olaparib)
* Denosumab vs. zoledronate
* TheraP (177Lu-PSMA-617 vs. cabazitaxel)
* ALSYMPCA (Radium-223) 

Incidence of germline mutations in genes mediating DNA-repair processes in prostate cancer NEJM 2016

=== Kidney Cancer ===

* EORTC 30904 Partial vs. Radical Nephrectomy
* EORTC 30811 Eur Urol 2009 LND for cN0 suspected RCC

==== Cytoreductive nephrectomy ====

* SWOG 8949 IFN-α vs. CN + IFN-α vs. 
* EORTC 30947 IFN-α vs. CN + IFN-α
* SURTIME JAMA Onc 2019 CN + sunitnib vs. sunitnib + CN
* CARMENA NEJM 2018 sunitnib vs. CN + sunitnib

==== Systemic treatment for metastatic disease ====

* CheckMate 214 NEJM 2018 (nivolumab + ipilimumab vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC)
* CheckMate 9ER NEJM 2020 (nivolumab + cabozantinib vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC)
* CLEAR NEJM 2021 (lenvatinib + pembrolizumab vs. lenvatinib + everolimus vs. sunitinib)

===== Adjuvant therapy after nephrectomy =====

* ASSURE Lancet 2016 (sunitnib vs. sorafenib)
* S-TRAC (sunitnib)
* KEYNOTE-564 (pembrolizumab)

=== Bladder Cancer ===

==== NMIBC ====

* [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Bladder_Cancer:_Diagnosis_and_Evaluation#Enhanced_cystoscopy Blue-light vs. white-light flexible cystoscopy in NMIBC surveillance 2018]

===== Intravesical Therapy =====

====== Chemotherapy ======

* Meta-analysis of trials evaluating chemotherapy on risk of NMIBC recurrence 2013

====== BCG ======

* SWOG 8216/38 NEJM 1991 (BCG vs. doxorubicin BCG maintenance)
* SWOG 8507 J Urol 2000 (induction vs. induction + maintenance BCG)
* BCG and NMIBC Recurrence Cochrane Review 2000
* BCG and NMIBC Progression Meta-analaysis 2002
* BCG vs. MMC in NMIBC Cochrane Review 2003

===== BCG unresponsive NMIBC =====

* KEYNOTE-057 (pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive CIS)

==== MIBC ====

===== Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy =====

* [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#Evidence SWOG 8710 NEJM 2003 (neoadjuvant MVAC)]
* [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#Evidence BA06 30894 JCO 2011 (neoadjuvant CMV)]

===== Immunotherapy =====

* [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#CheckMate_274_(adjuvant_nivolumab) CheckMate 274 NEJM 2021 (adjuvant nivolumab)]

===== Cystectomy =====

* [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Cystectomy#RAZOR_(Lancet_2018) RAZOR Lancet 2018 (robotic vs. open radical cystectomy)]

====== Lymphadenectomy ======

* [[Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer#SWOG S1011 (NEJM 2024)|SWOG S1011 (standard vs. extended LND)]]
* [https://urologyschool.com/wikiuro/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#LEA_AUO_AB_25/02_(European_Urology_2019) LEA AUO AB 25/02 (limited vs. extended LND)]

==== Systemic treatment for locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic disease ====

* KEYNOTE-361 Lancet Onc 2021 (pembrolizumab + chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone vs. pembrolizumab alone)

=== Upper tract urothelial carcinoma ===

* Olympus Lancet Onc 2020 (UGN-101 for papillary UTUC)