Editing Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis (section)

== Epidemiology ==

=== Incidence ===
* '''Worldwide[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538338]'''
** 2nd most common visceral malignancy in men
**'''Highest in countries with the highest rates of screening'''
** '''Estimated incidence 2020: 1,414,259'''
* '''US[https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21763]'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Most common malignancy in men</span>'''
***Lung and bronchus cancer second most common
** '''Estimated incidence 2023: 288,300[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36633525/] (2022: 268,490)'''
*** '''≈1/8 males are diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime'''
**Projected incidence 2040: 66,000[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33825840/]
* Canada[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32122974]
** Most common malignancy in males
*** Followed by lung and bronchus (13.2%) and colorectal (12.9%)
*** In females, most common cancers are breast (25%), lung and bronchus (13.5%), and colorectal (10.9%)
** Estimated incidence 2020: 23,300
* '''Trends in incidence'''
** '''PSA''' was discovered in 1979 and was '''licensed as a test by the FDA in 1986.''' Thereafter, the '''incidence of prostate cancer increased significantly, peaking in 1992,''' ≈5 years after the introduction of the PSA test'''.'''
** '''Incidence then declined until 1995 (screening responsible for decrease i.e. there were now fewer people with prostate cancer in the source population as they had been screen-detected)'''
** '''Since 1995, incidence increased at a rate similar to pre-PSA screening era, and fluctuated year-to-year since 2001 until 2011 when the draft of the 2012 US Preventative Services Task Force recommendations (see Prostate Cancer Screening) came out recommending against PSA screening in all males (grade D).'''
* '''Median age at diagnosis: 67'''
** '''Incidence has increased in younger males and decreased in older males, largely account for by PSA screening'''
** '''Men with prostate cancer younger than 50 years account for 2% of all cases'''

=== Mortality ===
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">US</span>'''
**Estimated mortality 2023: 34,700'''[https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21763]'''
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Second most common cause of cancer-related death</span>'''
****Lung and bronchus cancer are most common cause of cancer-related death
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Cause of death in ≈3% of US men</span>'''
**** '''Only ≈16% of males diagnosed with prostate cancer ultimately die of it,''' demonstrating the indolent course of most prostate cancers
**** '''Most common cause of mortality in males with prostate cancer is cardiac disease'''[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23795786/]
* '''Trends in Mortality'''
** '''Decreasing since 2001'''
* Average age of death from prostate cancer is 77 years
* Mortality in African-Americans 2.4x higher than Caucasians
'''Trends in stage'''
* There has been clinical and pathological stage migration over time largely due to PSA screening
* At the time of diagnosis[https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2014/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=23&pageSEL=sect_23_table.08.html#table3]
** ≈'''80% present with localized disease'''
** ≈12% present with regional disease
** ≈ 5% present with metastatic disease