Editing Bladder Cancer: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis (section)

=== Genetic risk factors ===
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Family history</span>'''
** '''First-degree relatives''': relative risk 2x
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer)</span>'''
** '''See [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Lynch_syndrome Lynch Syndrome] Chapter Notes'''
**'''Autosomal dominant, germline mutation in mismatch repair genes'''
** '''Associated with extracolonic cancer, including bladder cancer and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma'''
*** ≈5% of patients with LS are diagnosed with bladder cancer
* Null GSTM1 and slow NAT-2 lead to high levels of 3-aminobiphenyl and higher risk of bladder cancer