Editing CUA: Circumcision (2018) (section)

== Complications of circumcision ==

* '''Early:'''
*# '''Bleeding, infection'''
*# '''Glans necrosis and amputation'''
*# '''Delayed/early slippage of circumcision devices'''
*# '''Death (very rarely)'''
* '''Late:'''
*# '''Inadequate skin removal'''
*# '''Cosmetic issues'''
*# '''Inclusion cysts'''
*# '''Adhesions and skin bridges'''
*# '''Suture sinus tracts'''
*# '''Ventral curvature'''
*# '''Secondary buried penis and phimosis'''
*#* A trapped/buried penis can develop in which the healing skin edges migrate distally over the glans, which in turn can cause an obstructing cicatrix.
*#* '''Management'''
*#** '''Conservative management with a topical steroid ointment (0.05-0.1% betamethasone) for 6 weeks''' may result in resolution of the cicatrix and spontaneous retraction of the overlying skin in up to 2/3 of patients.
*#** In unresponsive cases or patients with more acute problems such as infection or retention, consider use of antibiotics and/or surgical intervention with a dorsal slit
*# '''Urethrocutaneous fistulae'''
*# '''Meatal stenosis'''
* '''Complication rates post-neonatal circumcision are usually low (≈2%),''' but given the variability in quoted complication rates and risk of delayed complications not treated by the original physician performing the neonatal circumcision, it is likely that the overall complication rate is slightly higher
* Operator experience and training, recognition of contraindications to circumcision, technique used, age, and patient-related variables can impact results and proper reporting and auditing of results is recommended