Editing Penis and Urethra Surgery (section)

==== Generalities of reconstructive surgical techniques ====
* Reconstructive surgery is performed with all efforts aimed at minimizing tissue injury and promoting healing.
* Bipolar surgery is often preferred.
** With cautery, the electrical charge is grounded either to a pad (monopolar) or to the opposite tong of the forceps (bipolar).
** Because electricity is dissipated by conductors (in the case of human tissue, vessels, and nerves), there is a possibility of damage to these delicate structures.
** In most instances, the field effects of the electricity are more confined with bipolar cautery.
* In urethral surgery, absorbable suture is the rule. The needle should be tapered if possible
* '''Femoral neuropathy can occur after lithotomy procedures due to hip hyperabduction/hyperextension, or secondary to retractor injury with abdominal/pelvic procedures.'''
** '''Femoral nerve'''
***Largest branch of the lumbar plexus
***Formed within the psoas muscle from the fusion of the anterior divisions of L2-L4
***Emerges between the psoas major and iliacus muscles just superior to the inguinal ligament and enters the thigh lateral to the external iliac artery
*** '''Sensory branches are the anterior and medial femoral cutaneous and long saphenous nerves.'''
**** '''Responsible for sensation of anterior thigh and medial leg'''
*** '''Motor supply is to the psoas, iliacus, quadriceps, pectineus, and sartorius muscles.'''
**** '''Responsible for knee extension'''