Editing Pediatrics: Anomalies of the Kidneys (section)

=== Calyceal Diverticulum ===
* A calyceal diverticulum is a cystic cavity within the kidney that is lined by urothelium and communicates with a calyx or, less commonly, with the renal pelvis through a narrow isthmus.
* The incidence based on excretory urography is ≈4.5 per 1000
* '''Upper calyx most frequently affected'''
* Small diverticula are usually asymptomatic
* Infection, milk of calcium or true stone formation are complications of stasis or obstruction that can produce symptoms
* The diagnosis is suggested on ultrasonography but is confirmed on CT scan or MRU
* '''Patients who are asymptomatic do not require treatment but should be followed periodically with ultrasonography.'''
* Laparoscopy by a retroperitoneal approach for marsupialization of the diverticulum, fulguration of the epithelial lining, and percutaneous marsupialization/ablation are treatment options.