Editing Stones: Evaluation and Medical Management (section)

==== History ====
* '''Screen for factors that predispose to calculi'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Conditions associated with stone disease (8):</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Obesity</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Hyperthyroidism</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Gout</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) type 1</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Diabetes mellitus type 2</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Bone disease</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Primary hyperparathyroidism</span>'''
**#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Malabsorptive gastrointestinal states</span>''' due to bowel resection, bariatric surgery or bowel or pancreatic disease
**##'''Chronic diarrhea that could be caused by inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis) or irritable bowel syndrome'''
**## Gout may predispose the patient to hyperuricosuria or gouty diathesis with either uric acid calculi or calcium oxalate stone formers
**## '''Surgical history should be obtained focusing particularly on bariatric surgery and surgeries of the intestinal tract.''' 
**###'''Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may significantly increase the overall risk for stone formation'''
**###'''In contrast to gastric bypass surgery, restrictive bariatric surgeries such as gastric sleeve or gastric band do not seem to increase the risk for kidney stones'''
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Dietary history</span>'''
***'''Should include average daily intake of fluids (amount and specific beverages), protein (types and amounts), calcium, sodium, high oxalate-containing foods, fruits and vegetables and over-the-counter supplements.'''
**** '''Nutritional factors associated with stone disease, depending on stone type and risk factors, include'''
*****Calcium intake below or significantly above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
*****Low fluid intake
*****High sodium intake
*****Limited intake of fruits and vegetables
*****High intake of animal-derived purines
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Medications</span>'''
***'''Stone-provoking medications or supplements (9):'''
***#'''Probenecid'''
***#'''Some protease inhibitors''' 
***#'''Lipase inhibitors'''
***#'''Triamterene'''
***#'''Chemotherapy'''
***#'''Vitamin C''' 
***# '''Vitamin D'''
***#'''Calcium'''
***#'''Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate, acetazolamide, zonisamide'''