Editing AUA: Early Detection of Prostate Cancer (2023) (section)

== Repeat biopsy ==
*'''<span style="color:#ff0000">If prostate biopsy demonstrates</span>'''
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Malignancy: discuss management of localized prostate cancer</span>''' (+/- staging studies, if applicable)
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">High-grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia</span>'''
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">If focal (one core): should not perform immediate repeat biopsy.</span>'''
**** Risk of any cancer detected (not just high-grade) in subsequent biopsies is 20-30%, which is the same risk following an initial benign biopsy.
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Multifocal: may proceed with additional risk evaluation.</span>'''
**** Risk of GG2+ detection in repeat biopsies of patients with multifocal HGPIN is ≈30%, which is not higher than in those without this finding.
**** Repeat biopsy after multifocal HGPIN should be based on PSA and DRE evolution, and mpMRI findings.
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Atypia</span>'''
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP): should perform additional testing.</span>'''
**** ASAP alone on needle biopsy is associated with a 30-50% risk of prostate cancer detection on repeat biopsy, with ≈10-20% of these being GG2+.
**** Additional testing may include repeat systematic needle biopsy with consideration of mpMRI +/- targeted biopsy, PSA, and biomarkers (serum- or urine-based)
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Atypical intraductal proliferation (AIP): should perform additional testing.</span>'''
**** AIP describes lesions with greater architectural complexity and/or cytologic atypia than would be expected in HGPIN but lacking definitive criteria for the diagnosis of intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P). AIP encompasses many of the lesions formerly designated cribriform HGPIN, exhibiting loose cribriform architecture with moderate cytologic atypia, but lacking marked pleomorphism or necrosis.
**** AIP, as either the sole finding or together with GG1 cancer only, warrants additional testing, which may include early repeat systematic needle biopsy or MRI +/- targeted biopsy. The timing of additional testing should be based on reassessment of risk
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Negative: reassess risk of undetected or future development of GG2+ disease</span>'''
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">At the time of re-evaluation after negative biopsy, clinicians should use a risk assessment tool that incorporates the protective effect of prior negative biopsy.</span>'''
****The guideline recommends utilizing validated risk calculators, particularly calculators that incorporate previous negative biopsy and mpMRI use in the repeat biopsy setting.
*****[https://www.prostatecancer-riskcalculator.com/seven-prostate-cancer-risk-calculators ERSPC]
*****[https://riskcalc.org/PCPTRC/ PCPT V2]
***** [https://riskcalc.org/PBCG/ PBCG]
****PSA level alone should not be used to decide whether to repeat the prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy.
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Based on risk assessment, SDM whether to</span>''' 
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Discontinue screening</span>'''
*****'''Screening should not be discontinued based solely on a negative prostate biopsy.'''
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Continue screening</span>'''
*****If continuing screening after a negative biopsy, patient should be re-evaluated within the normal screening interval (2-4 years) or sooner, depending on risk of clinically significant prostate cancer and life expectancy.
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Perform adjunctive testing for early reassessment of risk.</span>'''
***** If concern remains elevated for GG2+ based on PSA density, previous MRI findings, or other factors,  consider adjunctive testing (blood, urine, or tissue tests), or MRI (if not previously performed) to further risk stratify the patient if results are likely to influence the decision regarding repeat biopsy or otherwise substantively change the patient’s management.
******'''Biomarker testing'''
*******After a negative initial biopsy in patients with low probability for harboring GG2+ prostate cancer, clinicians should not reflexively perform biomarker testing.
********In patients with a negative biopsy, with low probability for GG2+ disease, it is unlikely that additional biomarker tests will be informative.
*******ConfirmMDx
********The only tissue-based biomarker assessing epigenetic changes in GSTP1, APC, RASSF1 in negative biopsy tissue 
********Developed in the MATLOC study and validated in the DOCUMENT study to detect any prostate cancer and not specifically for GG2+ disease.
*******Unclear how to integrate the use of these tests with mpMRI in prostate cancer early detection.
*******It is imperative clinicians are familiar with biomarkers, understand what information or data each test provides, and consider whether additional information will impact  management decisions before ordering a test.
******'''<span style="color:#ff0000">MRI prior to repeat biopsy</span>'''
*******'''<span style="color:#ff0000">In patients undergoing repeat biopsy with no prior prostate MRI, a prostate MRI should be obtained prior to biopsy.</span>'''
*******'''<span style="color:#ff0000">In patients with indications for a repeat biopsy who</span>'''
********'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Do not have a suspicious lesion on MRI, may proceed with a systematic biopsy.</span>'''
*********Factors that may identify patients likely to have clinically significant prostate cancer after a negative biopsy and a negative MRI include
**********PSA density > 0.15 ng/mL
**********PHI density value > 0.44
**********PSA velocity of ≥0.27 ng/mL/year
********'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Have a suspicious lesion on MRI, should perform targeted biopsies of the suspicious lesion and may also perform a systematic template biopsy.</span>'''
*********Ultimately, the decision to perform systematic sampling in addition to target sampling should be based on an integrated evaluation of MRI factors such as quality and confidence in target presence and clinical factors such as PSA, technique of initial biopsy, and time since prior systematic biopsy.