Editing AUA: Male Urethral Stricture (2016) (section)

==Risk Factors==
*'''Trauma History Increases Loo Time (5):'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Trauma</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Hypospadias surgery</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Instrumentation or urethral catheterization</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Lichen sclerosus (LS)</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Transurethral surgery</span>'''*'''Most common cause'''
**'''In developed countries: idiopathic (41%) followed by iatrogenic (35%),''' with transurethral surgery as the most common iatrogenic cause.
**'''In developing countries: trauma''' (36%)

*'''Strictures related to hypospadias and lichen sclerosus are generally located in the penile urethra, while traumatic strictures and stenoses tend to be located in the bulbar and posterior urethra'''
* '''LS-related strictures'''**Less common etiology
**'''Tend to be longer and may have a higher association with urethral cancer'''***'''For suspected LS, biopsy may be performed; if urethral cancer is suspected, biopsy must be performed'''
****The rate of squamous cell carcinoma in male patients with LS has been reported to be 2-9% thus further indicating the need for biopsy in selected cases both to confirm the diagnosis as well as to exclude malignant or premalignant changes.