Editing Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Evaluation (section)

=== History ===
*<span style="color:#ff0000">'''Signs and Symptoms'''</span> 
**<span style="color:#ff0000">'''Hematuria'''</span>
*** <span style="color:#ff0000">'''Painless hematuria is the most common presenting symptom in patients with a newly diagnosed bladder tumor'''</span>
**** <span style="color:#ff0000">'''85% present with gross hematuria, microscopic hematuria occurs in virtually all patients'''</span>
****'''In isolated CIS, ≈30% of patients present with painless gross hematuria'''
*****Study design: Retrospective cohort study
*****Population: 155 patients diagnosed with isolated primary high grade carcinoma in situ at a tertiary center from 1990 to 2008 who underwent transurethral resection followed by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy
*****Results
******Presenting symptoms
*******Gross hematuria (34%)
*******Voiding symptoms (irritative or obstructive (30%)
*******Asymptomatic, micro hematuria (23%)
*******Unknown (14%)
*****[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226045/ Chade, Daher C., et al.] "Clinical outcomes of primary bladder carcinoma in situ in a contemporary series." ''The Journal of urology'' 184.1 (2010): 74-80.
*** '''Any episode of gross hematuria should be evaluated even if subsequent urinalysis is negative'''
*** '''The risk of malignancy in patients with recurrent gross or microscopic hematuria that had a full, negative evaluation is near zero within the first 6 years[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647670/]'''
**** Design: prospective cohort study
**** Population: 1,930 patients with microscopic and macroscopic hematuria attending a clinic
**** Results:
***** No disease found in >60%
***** UTI in 13%
***** Bladder cancer in 12%
***** Renal disease in 10%
***** Stones in 3.5%
***** Kidney cancer in 0.6%
***** Prostate cancer in 0.4%
***** Upper tract urothelial carcinoma in 0.1%
***** A review of 1,168 patients with no diagnosis (follow-up range 2.5 to 4.2 years) has revealed no subsequent neoplastic disease.
**** [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647670/ Khadra, M. H., et al.] "A prospective analysis of 1,930 patients with hematuria to evaluate current diagnostic practice." ''The Journal of urology'' 163.2 (2000): 524-527.
** <span style="color:#ff0000">'''Storage symptoms (e.g., frequency, urgency, dysuria)'''</span>
*** '''May be associated with CIS in patients with no sign of UTI'''
**<span style="color:#ff0000">'''Risk Factors'''</span>
***External risk factors
***Genetic risk factors