Editing Management of Localized and Locally Advanced Disease (section)

=== Established Treatment Options for Localized Prostate Cancer ===

==== <span style="color:#ff0000">Options (4):</span> ====
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Active surveillance (AS)/expectant management</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Thermal ablation (TA)</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Partial nephrectomy (PN)</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Radical nephrectomy (RN)</span>'''

==== Patient counseling ====
* Review the most common and serious urologic and non-urologic morbidities of each treatment pathway.
* Discuss potential effect of intervention on risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), dialysis, and survival.
** Patients with renal masses often have a high burden of CKD at baseline because of the shared risk factors with RCC and CKD, such as hypertension.
** '''Predictive factors for post-operative development of CKD or progression of pre-existing CKD (8):'''
**# '''Older age'''
**# '''Diabetes'''
**# '''Hypertension'''
**# '''Male sex'''
**# '''Obesity'''
**# '''Tobacco use'''
**# '''Larger tumour size'''
**# '''Post-operative acute kidney injury'''
** Optimizing glycemic and blood pressure control, smoking cessation and minimizing risk of acute kidney injury (with avoidance of hypotension and nephrotoxic agents such as intravenous contrast or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) should reduce the degree of renal dysfunction in the perioperative period.