Editing Stones: Evaluation and Medical Management (section)

=== Plain Abdominal Film ===
*'''Findings'''
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Radiolucent stones (6):</span>'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Uric acid</span>'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Matrix</span>'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Medication stones (4):</span>'''
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Xanthine</span>'''
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Triamterene</span>'''
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">2,8-dihydroxyadenine</span>'''
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Indinavir</span>'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Radioopaque stones (4):</span>''' 
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Calcium oxalate</span>'''
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Calcium phosphate</span>'''
***'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Poorly radioopaque:</span>'''
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)</span>''' 
****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Cystine stones</span>'''
***** '''Although magnesium ammonium phosphate and cystine stones are often radioopaque, they are not as dense as calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones'''
**'''Nephrocalcinosis'''
***'''Formation of diffuse deposits of calcium throughout the kidneys'''
****'''Usually occurs within the renal medulla''' but occasionally it has been found in the cortex or within both the medulla and the cortex
****Minute calcifications seen in early stages may not be visible
***'''Can give rise to renal colic and hydronephrosis from dislodged calcific foci'''
***[[File:Nephrocalcinosis.jpg|alt=Nephrocalcinosis. Source: Wikipedia|thumb|Plain film x-ray demonstrating bilateral diffuse calcium deposits in the kidneys. Source: [[commons:File:Nephrocalcinosis.jpg|Wikipedia]]|400x400px]]'''Causes[https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medullary-nephrocalcinosis §]'''
****'''Medulla'''
*****'''Type 1 (distal) RTA'''
*****'''Hyperparathyroidism'''
*****'''Medullary sponge kidney'''
*****'''Hypervitaminosis D'''
*****'''Milk-alkali syndrome'''
*****'''Sarcoidosis'''
*****'''Hyper/hypothyroidism'''
*****'''Other pathological hypercalcemic or hypercalciuric states'''
******'''Cushing syndrome'''
******'''Multiple myeloma'''
******'''Bartter syndrome'''
******'''Bone metastases'''
****'''Pyramids'''
*****'''Hyperuricemia'''
***** '''Infection (particularly renal tuberculosis)'''
*****'''Sickle cell disease (leading to infarction and subsequent dystrophic calcification)'''
*****'''Renal papillary necrosis'''
*****'''Drugs'''
*****'''Furosemide abuse'''
****'''Corticol COAG'''
*****'''Corticol necrosis'''
*****'''Oxalosis (Primary hyperoxaluria)'''
*****'''Alport syndrome'''
*****'''Glomerulonephritis (chronic)'''
*Test characteristics[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443345/ §]
**Sensitivity: 57%
**Specificity: 76%
*Advantage(s)
**Availability
**Relatively low radiation exposure
***0.7 mSv with KUB[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443345/ §]
**Cost (least expensive)
*'''Disadvantages'''
**'''Inability to visualize small stones'''
**'''Inability to visualize stones due to overlying/underlying anatomy (bones, phleboliths, etc.)'''
**'''Underestimates >90% of stones >10mm'''