Editing Penile Prosthesis (section)

==== Infections ====

===== Epidemiology =====
*'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Incidence: overall infection rates following initial penile prosthesis insertion range from 1-3%</span>'''
**'''Rate is significantly higher (7-18%) for revision surgery'''

===== Risk Factors =====
*'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Most infections are caused by bacteria on the skin at the time of surgery that attach to the device and are then introduced into the patient'''
* '''Patient risk factors (5):'''
*#'''Poor patient hygiene'''
*#'''Spinal cord injury'''
*#'''Urinary tract infection'''
*#'''Distant sites of infection'''
*#'''Revision surgery performed for previous device infection'''
*#*'''Unclear if diabetes or immunosuppression are associated with risk of infection'''
*'''Intraoperative risk factors (6):'''
*#'''Inadequate skin preparation with alcohol/chlorhexidine'''
*#'''Prolonged surgical time (i.e., >2 hours)'''
*#'''Prolonged and repeated exposure of components of the prosthesis to patient’s skin'''
*#'''Frequent repositioning and resizing of the cylinder, pump, or reservoir'''
*#'''Scrotal hematoma (particularly if liquefied)'''
*#'''Not changing gloves before handling the device'''
*'''Post-operative risk factor (1):'''
*#'''Prolonged hospitalization'''
*'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Most important factors to minimize the risk of device infection (2):'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Procedures that decrease inoculating bacteria into the surgical wound (4)'''
*##'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Alcohol skin preparation'''
*##'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Reducing surgical time'''
*##'''<span style="color:#ff0000">No touch surgical technique'''
*##'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Perioperative antibiotic use'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Use of antibiotic-coated prostheses'''
*#*Specially coated three-piece devices have been developed to inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation. These coatings have decreased the incidence of infection by 50-70%

===== Microbiology =====
*'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Typically involves organisms that colonize the skin, such as (3):'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Staphylococcus epidermidis'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Staphylococcus aureus'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Candida albicans'''

===== Diagnosis and Evaluation =====
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">History and Physical Exam'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">History'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Clinical deterioration with persistence of pain and tethering at 3-4 weeks after surgery suggests an infection</span>'''
**** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Pain that does not seem to improve and is persistent or increased at 2-weeks after surgery should not prompt the use of antibiotics'''
***** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">If the device is not infected, the patient should experience clinical improvement within the next 7-14 days.'''
***** If the device is infected, antibiotics are useless at this point and may delay diagnosis'''.'''
*** '''Fever, erythema, swelling, elevated white blood cell count, and incision drainage are late signs and symptoms of infection and are usually not observed at the initial postoperative visit.'''
*** '''The sooner an infection is diagnosed, the better the chance for successful salvage''' and aggressive early salvage should be considered before systemic symptom such as fever, elevated white blood count, erythema, and abscess formation of scrotum occur
* Imaging
** Studies such as scrotal sonography, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging are not helpful in making an early diagnosis.

===== Management =====
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Infection necessitates the removal of all device components as well as any permanent sutures or graft material used during corporeal reconstruction</span>'''
** The use of systemic antibiotics to treat symptomatic patients is typically insufficient because of the biofilm and attempts to remove only part of an infected device typically results in persistent infection
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">A “salvage” procedure involving removal of the infected prosthesis, wound washout, and immediate device replacement can help facilitate reimplantation and preserve penile length.'''
** '''Contraindications to salvage prosthesis:'''
*** '''Patients presenting with''' 
****'''Enterococcus'''
****'''Tissue necrosis'''
****'''Sepsis'''
****'''Diabetic ketoacidosis'''
****'''Cylinder erosion into the urethra'''