Editing AUA: Vesicoureteral Reflux (2017) (section)

=== Screening in the neonate with a history of prenatal hydronephrosis ===
* Risk of VUR in infants with prenatally detected hydronephrosis is 16%
** '''Grade of hydronephrosis is NOT associated with risk of VUR'''
* '''Indications for VCUG in the neonate with a history of prenatal hydronephrosis:'''
*# '''High-grade (SFU grade ≥3) hydronephrosis'''
*# '''Hydroureter'''
*# '''An abnormal bladder on ultrasound''' (late-term prenatal or postnatal)
*# '''Develop a UTI on observation'''
** There has been no demonstration of any health benefit of screening for and identifying VUR in these infants. It is therefore a recommendation that families be informed of the potential risk and permitted to participate in the decision-making.
* '''Option: For children with prenatally detected low-grade hydronephrosis (SFU grade 1 or 2), an observational approach without screening for VUR, with prompt treatment of any UTI, may be taken, given the unproven value of identifying and treating VUR. VCUG is also considered an option to screen for VUR.'''