Editing Urethral Tumours (section)

== Answers ==

# List benign tumours of the urethra
## Leiomyoma
## Hemangioma
## Fibroepithelial polyp
# Describe the pT staging of urethral cancer
#* TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed
#* T0: No evidence of primary tumor
#* Ta: Non-invasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma
#* Tis: Carcinoma in situ
#* T1: invades subepithelial connective tissue
#* T2: invades corpus spongiosum, prostate, or periurethral muscle
#* T3: invades corpus cavernosum, beyond prostatic capsule, anterior vagina, or bladder neck
#* T4: invades other adjacent organs
# What are risk factors for male urethral cancer?
## Chronic inflammation
## Urethral stricture
## HPV 16 for SCC of urethra
# What is the most common histology in male urethral cancer?
#* Urothelial
# What is the most common site of involvement in male urethral cancer?
#* Bulbomembranous urethra
# What is the lymphatic drainage pattern of the male urethra?
#* Anterior urethra drains into the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes and occasionally into the external iliac lymph nodes
#* Posterior urethra drains into the pelvic lymph nodes [external iliac, internal iliac, common iliac, obturator]
# What is the recommended margin for partial penectomy in male urethral cancer?
#* 2cm
# What is the lymphatic drainage pattern of the female urethra?
#* Posterior urethra: primarily external iliac nodes and secondarily to the internal iliac/hypogastric and obturator lymph node chains
#* Anterior urethra and labia: superficial and then deep inguinal nodes
# What is the most common histology of female urethral carcinoma? Female urethral carcinoma in a diverticulum?
#* Squamous cell carcinoma
#* Adenocarcinoma
# What is the differential diagnosis of a palpable anterior vaginal mass?
## Urethral diverticulum
## Urethral cancer
## Urethral polyp
## Other benign neoplasm, such as a leiomyoma
# What is the management of female urethral cancer?
#* Distal 1/3 urethra
#** Superficial, exophytic, low-grade: surgical excision or radiation
#* Proximal 2/3 urethra
#** Anterior exenteration (cystourethrectomy), pelvic lymph node dissection, and wide vaginal or complete vaginal excision