Editing Stones: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis (section)

=== Medication associated stones[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508366] ===
*'''<span style="color:#0000ff">Lotta Good Drugs Cause Calculi FIT TEST (12):''' 
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">L<span style="color:#ff0000">axatives'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">G<span style="color:#ff0000">uaifenesin'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Vitamin <span style="color:#0000ff">D'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Vitamin <span style="color:#0000ff">C</span>''' in high doses is converted to oxalate and may induce hyperoxaluria
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">C<span style="color:#ff0000">arbonic anhydrase inhibitors'''
*#*E.g. acetazolamide
*#*May be associated with the formation of calcium-based calculi, '''particularly calcium phosphate'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">F<span style="color:#ff0000">urosemide'''
*#* '''Thiazides''' cause intracellular acidosis and '''subsequent hypocitraturia'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">I<span style="color:#ff0000">ndinavir'''
*#* '''MOA: protease inhibitor'''
*#* '''Used in patients with HIV/AIDS.'''
*#* Individuals taking indinavir on a regular basis are at high risk of producing indinavir stones because of the high urinary excretion and poor solubility of the drug at physiologic urinary pH.
*#* '''Now infrequently used''', replaced with newer generation agents. Kidney stone formation has been associated with a number of newer anti-retroviral agents.
*#* '''Radiolucent on plain film and may not be seen on CT'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">T<span style="color:#ff0000">opiramate'''
*#* '''MOA: carbonic anhydrase inhibitor'''
*#*Used to treat epilepsy and prevent migraines
*#* Creates a chronic intracellular acidosis resulting '''in a urinary milieu similar to distal RTA''' with hyperchloremic acidosis, high urine pH, extremely low urinary citrate, and hypercalciuria.
*#* '''Treatment may be potassium citrate''' or cessation of the medication if possible.
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">T<span style="color:#ff0000">riamterene'''
*#* '''MOA: potassium-sparing diuretic'''
*#* Used for the treatment of hypertension
*#* '''Radiolucent'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">E<span style="color:#ff0000">phedrine'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">S<span style="color:#ff0000">ilicates'''
*# '''<span style="color:#0000ff">T<span style="color:#ff0000">MP/SMX'''