Editing AUA: Cryptorchidism (2018) (section)

== Risk factors ==

* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Congenital'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Gestational history'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Prematurity'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Low-birth weight'''
**** Prevalence of cryptorchidism in infants <900g is approximately 100%
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Family history'''
*** 7x risk with affected brother
*** 5x risk with affected father/uncle
*** Molecules involved
**** Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) and its receptor relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2)
**** Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 8 (LGR8)
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Maternal environment'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Potentially associated'''
**** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Maternal hypertension'''
**** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Maternal diabetes'''
**** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Smoking'''
**** Analgesic exposure
**** Estrogen
*** No significant association
**** Obesity
** '''Environment exposures'''
*** '''Endocrine-disrupting chemicals'''
**** Pesticides
* '''Acquired'''
**'''Prior inguinal surgery'''