Editing Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (section)

== Genetics ==

* '''Tumor suppressor genes are mainly activated by''' allelic deletion of one allele followed by '''point mutations''' of the remaining allele
* '''Microsatellite analysis amplifies DNA repeats in the genome'''
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Primary tumour genetic abnormalities in</span>'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Low-malignant potential NMIBC: chromosome 9, FGFR-3</span>'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">High-malignant potential NMIBC: deletion of RB and TP53</span>'''
* '''Alterations of tumour proten 53 (p53), RB, and PTEN are associated with CIS''' and also carry a very poor prognosis
** '''p53'''
*** '''Most common mutation found in invasive (T2 or higher) bladder tumors'''
*** High-risk p53 lesions have a 75% progression rate, compared with 25% in p53-negative lesions
*** The role of p53 for the prediction of tumor behavior requires prospective validation