Editing Benign Kidney Tumours (section)

== Answers ==

# What are the risk factors for cyst formation?
## Age
## Male Gender
## Hypertension
## CKD
# Describe the Bosniak classification and the risk of malignancy of each category?
#* I: simple cyst
#* II: thin septum, fine calcification; risk of malignancy 5%
#* IIF: thick septae, thick or nodular calcifications; risk of malignancy 30%
#* III: enhancing septae; risk of malignancy 55%
#* IV: enhancing solid component; risk of malignancy 90%
# As the the 2017 CUA Guidelines on Cystic Renal Lesions, what is the management of each Bosniak class?
#* I and II: no follow-up
#* IIF: follow-up with imaging; imaging every 6 months in the first year then yearly for 5 years
#* III and IV: excise
# How does the prognosis for a multilocular cystic RCC compared to a solid RCC
#* Multilocylar cystic RCC has favourable prognosis
# What are the triggers for intervention for a Bosniak III cyst managed with active surveillance?

## Progression from Bosniak III to IV
## Growth of solid nodule >3cm
## Fast-growing nodule

# When should thermal ablation be considered for management of a complex renal cyst?
#* Patients with small Bosniak category III and IV cysts who are poor operative candidates and in whom active surveillance is not being considered
# Which form of thermal ablation has been better studied for the treatment of complex renal cysts, RFA or cryotherapy?
#* RFA
# Which kidney tumours demonstrate an abundance of cellular mitochondria?
#* Oncocytoma
# What imaging characteristic is a diagnostic landmark for AML?
#* Presence of fat (≤-20 HFU)
# Which pathologic stain is diagnostic for AML?
#* HMB-45
# When should intervention be considered for AML?
## Symptoms
## Tumour size >4cm
## Given risk of bleeding, which is increased in pregnancy, consider proactive approach in women of childbearing age or those with limited access to surveillance or emergent care
# What is the clinical presentation of a patient with a juxtaglomerular cell tumour?
#* Hypertension with hypokalemia and associated symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, myalgia, and headaches