Editing Infertility: Diagnosis and Evaluation (section)

===Recurrent pregnancy loss===
*'''Defined as ≥2 failed pregnancies'''
**Distinct from infertility
* Most miscarriages are related to abnormalities within the fetus itself[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295257/ ★]
*'''Causes of recurrent miscarriages (6)'''
*#'''Genetic causes (e.g., chromosomal translocations)'''
*#'''Anatomic abnormalities of the female uterus (e.g., septum, submucosal fibroids, adhesions)'''
*#'''Infections'''
*#'''Hematologic and immunologic disorders of the female partner'''
*#'''Female partner endocrine issues (e.g., thyroid and diabetes)'''
*#'''Male factor issues'''
*#*'''Most common identified etiologic issues in males: karyotypic abnormalities and sperm DNA fragmentation.'''
*'''Diagnosis and Evaluation (3):'''
*#'''Karyotype'''
*#*Paternal structural chromosomal defects are associated with miscarriage and RPL
*#'''Sperm DNA fragmentation'''
*#*High levels of sperm DNA fragmentation are positively associated with miscarriage
*#'''Sperm aneuploidy testing'''