Editing Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (section)

== Other treatments ==

* '''Device-assisted therapy'''
** Electromotive drug administration (EMDA) with intravesical MMC
*** Capable of increasing the uptake of drugs by cancer cells through electric current
*** Has shown promising results; however, further studies are needed to validate their efficacy
** Chemohyperthermia (CHT) with intravesical MMC
*** Radiofrequency elevates the temperature of the urothelium to 41–44ºC while intravesical chemotherapy is delivered.
*** Has shown promising results; however, further studies are needed to validate their efficacy
* '''Photodynamic therapy (PDT)'''
** Performed by administering a photosensitizing agent such as '''porfimer sodium (Photofrin) systemically or HAL intravesically'''. 2-3 days after the substance has cleared from the normal tissue (for Photofrin), the patient is given an intravesical treatment with red laser light (630 nm) for 12-20 minutes. Intravesical intralipid allows for more uniform distribution of laser light. After excitation by light, the photosensitizer reacts with molecular oxygen to form free radicals and reactive singlet oxygen, which are cytotoxic.
** The response rate in CIS patients from combined series is 66%
* '''Radiation therapy'''
** '''Typically restricted to individuals who refuse cystectomy after the failure of intravesical therapy or who are unsuitable for major surgery'''