Editing Bladder Cancer: Pathology (section)

=== CIS ===
* A flat, non-invasive urothelial carcinoma
* '''HG by definition and is regarded as a precursor to the development of invasive HG cancer'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Lesions interpreted as severe dysplasia or severe atypia are regarded as being the same entity as CIS</span>'''
* Rarely found in isolation; majority (90%) found in association with papillary or nodular bladder tumours
* Considered a field disease, as it can affect multiple areas in the bladder, the upper urinary tract, and the urethra
* Classified as
** Primary: no previous history of bladder cancer (best prognosis)
** Secondary: new lesion diagnosed during follow-up