Editing Functional: Urinary Fistulae (section)

==== Management ====
* '''Depends on the cause of the fistula and the associated clinical manifestations'''
** '''Patients with severe hemorrhage on removal of the nephrostomy tube can be temporized in some instances by replacing the tube, or, in large mature tracts, by placing a Foley catheter to tamponade the bleeding.'''
** '''In patients with ongoing bleeding, transcatheter angiographic embolization of the lacerated vessel is recommended.'''
** '''≈70% of fistulae occurring after needle biopsy of the kidney close spontaneously within 18 months, thus, expectant management is an appropriate first step'''
** '''Fistulae due to renal cell carcinoma warrant nephrectomy'''