Editing Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Evaluation (section)

=== Urine cytology ===
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Test characteristics</span>'''
**'''<span style="color:#ff0000">HIGHLY SPECIFIC (≈85%), POOR SENSITIVITY (≈50%)</span>'''
*** '''Sensitivity varies by tumour grade'''
**** '''HG tumours: 84%'''
**** '''LG tumours: 16%'''
*** '''Test characteristics of urinary cytology are improved with higher stage and HG disease[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037483]'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Due to high specificity, a positive reading regardless of cystoscopic or radiographic findings suggests the existence of malignancy in the vast majority of patients.</span>'''
**** In a study of patients with a negative workup (cystoscopy and upper tract imaging) with a persistently positive cytology, ≈40% were found to have genitourinary cancer within 24 months
*'''Atypical cytology'''
** '''15% have cancer'''
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Causes of false-positive/atypical urine cytology'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">UTI'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Inflammation'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Foreign body'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Previous BCG'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Radiation[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38661067/]'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Chemotherapy'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Contrast'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Instrumentation'''
* '''Indications'''
**'''Evaluation of gross hematuria'''
***'''NOT indicated in evaluation of microscopic hematuria'''
**'''Initial diagnosis of NMIBC ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8418246/ 2021 CUA NMIBC Guidelines])'''
**'''Initial diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8418246/ 2021 CUA NMIBC Guidelines])'''
**'''Surveillance of''' 
***'''Intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27317986/ §]'''
***'''Urethra after cystectomy[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28456635/ §]'''
***'''Urinary tract after bladder preserving therapy for MIBC[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28456635/ §]'''
***'''Urinary tract after treatment for upper tract urothelial carcinoma[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096584/ §]'''