Editing CUA: Azoospermia (2015) (section)

== Genetic investigations for men with azoospermia ==

* '''Pre-testicular failure (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism): refer for genetics counselling'''
** Almost all of the congenital abnormalities of the hypothalamus are due to a genetic alteration.
* '''Testicular failure: karyotype and Y-micro-deletion testing'''
* '''Post-testicular failure:'''
** '''CF testing: men with absence''' (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, or ejaculatory duct) '''or obstruction''' (epididymal or ejaculatory obstruction, including ejaculatory duct cysts) '''of the reproductive tract ductal structures; not only the male, but also his partner, should be offered CF testing in this situation. Males with non-obstructive azoospermia do not require cystic fibrosis testing'''
** Patients with congenital unilateral absence of vas and normal contralateral vas are unlikely to have CF mutation but in presence of contralateral abnormality, CF risk higher§
* '''If a genetic alteration is identified, then genetic counselling is suggested'''