Editing Functional: Urinary Incontinence (section)

== Risk factors for Urinary Incontinence ==

* '''Males and Females'''
*# '''Age'''
*#* '''Age is the strongest risk factor for UI in men'''
*# '''Pelvic floor disorders (e.g. fecal incontinence)'''
*# '''Neurologic disease'''
* '''Females'''
*# '''Race/Ethnicity'''
*#* '''Caucasian women have an increased prevalence of UI and an increased risk of developing incident UI/SUI when compared to African-American women and Asian women.'''
*#* One group has noted higher urethral closing pressures in African-American women.
*#* Rates of seeking treatment for urinary incontinence are similar between African-Americans and Caucasians
*# '''Pregnancy'''
*#* '''Prevalence of urinary incontinence, particularly SUI, increases during pregnancy and in general increases with gestational age.'''
*#** Overall, prevalence of SUI during pregnancy is ≈40%.
*#* '''Pelvic floor muscle training can reduce the risk of UI during pregnancy and postpartum, if also performed after delivery'''
*#* '''Development of UI during pregnancy reflects greater risk of developing UI later in life'''
*#* Any history of '''vaginal birth of a large baby with increased birth''' '''weight''' has been associated with an increased likelihood for developing UI
*#** '''Cesarean delivery confers an advantage over normal spontaneous vaginal delivery for UI and SUI'''
*#* '''Increasing parity''' is associated with increased risk of UI
*# '''Obesity'''
*#* '''All types of UI have been associated with the development of obesity in women'''
*#** BMI > 30 has been shown to more than double a women’s risk of UI
*#* '''Whereas symptomatic SUI appears to be more severe and more common in obese women, abdominal leak point pressure values are higher in obese women who are considering surgery for SUI, indicating gradual accommodation of the pelvic floor in women with SUI.'''
*# '''Females living in long-term care facilities'''
*#'''Smoking'''
*#'''Diabetes'''
*#'''Estrogen'''
*#* '''Oral estrogen''' (with or without progestogens) '''is associated with increased risk of UI''' in middle-aged and older women
*#* '''Topical estrogen is not associated with risk of SUI, and it has proven its efficacy in treating women with vaginal atrophy and recurrent UTIs'''
*# '''Diet'''
*#* '''Caffeine intake associated with symptoms of urgency incontinence, mixed incontinence, and OAB. No clear association exists with SUI'''
*#* Carbonated beverages and artificial sweeteners have also been associated with urgency symptoms, though confirmatory studies are lacking
*# '''Depression'''