Editing Undescended Testicle (section)

== Definitions ==

* '''Normal scrotal position: positioning of the midpoint of the testis at or below the midscrotum'''
* '''Undescended testis (UDT) or cryptorchidism: inability to palpate the testicle in the expected normal anatomical position''' (i.e., within its respective hemi-scrotum)
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">May be palpable or non-palpable'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">The majority (80%) of UDT palpable and are unilateral (60-70%)'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Involvement of the right side is more common overall  '''
**** '''Attributed to the later descent of the right testicle'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Non-palpable testis can be either undescended or absent'''
*** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Absent testicle can be either vanishing (most common) or agenesis'''
**** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Vanishing: testicle was present initially in development but becoming lost as a result of vascular accident or spermatic cord torsion,''' unilaterally (monorchia) or, very rarely, bilaterally (anorchia), '''occurring after completion of genital masculinization''' but before fixation of the testis in the scrotum
***** '''The processus vaginalis is closed in most cases of vanishing testis.'''
**** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Agenesis: testis that was never present and therefore is associated with ipsilateral müllerian duct persistence'''
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Recurrent cryptorchidism: cryptorchid testes that were undescended at birth, descended spontaneously, and are subsequently defined as extra-scrotal'''
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Secondary cryptorchidism and testicular retraction: testes that are supra-scrotal after inguinal hernia repair and as a complication of orchidopexy, respectively.'''
** '''Testicular malposition after hernia repair could be caused by either post-operative scarring or primary maldescent'''
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Retractile testes: scrotal testes that retract easily out of the scrotum along the normal path of descent due to a brisk cremasteric reflex but can be manually replaced in a stable scrotal position and remain there at least temporarily until there is recurrent stimulation.'''