Editing Functional: Pathophysiology and Classification of LUT Dysfunction (section)

==== Decreased Outlet Resistance ====
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">May result from any process that damages the (2):</span>'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Innervation of structural elements of the smooth or striated sphincter, or both</span>'''
*#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Support of the bladder outlet in women</span>'''
* A major factor required for the prevention of urinary leakage during increases in intra-abdominal pressure is the presence of at least equal pressure transmission to the proximal urethra (the mid-urethra as well in women) during such activity. Failure of this mechanism is an invariable correlate of effort-related urinary incontinence in women and men.
* Sphincteric incontinence in men is not associated with hypermobility of the bladder neck and proximal urethra but is similar to what is termed intrinsic sphincter dysfunction in women.
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Causes of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD)</span>'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Iatrogenic (most common)</span>'''
*#* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Radical prostatectomy</span>'''
*#** '''Most common surgical cause of incontinence in men'''
*#** Generally causes leakage via a direct impairment of sphincter function.
*#* '''In females, urethral surgery or anti-incontinence surgery can lead to urethral scarring, periurethral fibrosis, and ISD.'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Neurologic disease</span>'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Traumatic or vascular injury to the lumbosacral cord</span>'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Any medication with either α-antagonistic properties or skeletal muscle relaxant properties</span>'''
*#* Can cause UI by inhibiting outlet resistance.
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Prolonged labor, third-degree lacerations, large birth weight, multiparity, and forceps deliveries</span>''' are all aspects of labor and delivery that have been associated with sphincteric dysfunction.