Editing Priapism (section)

== Pathogenesis ==

=== Risk factors (8) ===
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Medications (9):</span>'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">α-blockers (tamsulosin, terazosin, doxazosin, prazosin)</span>'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Anti-anxiety agents</span> (hydroxyzine)'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Anti-depressants and antipsychotics</span> (trazodone, bupropion, fluoxetine, sertraline, lithium, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, phenothiazines)'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Anti-coagulants</span> (heparin, warfarin)'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Anti-hypertensives </span>(hydralazine, propranolol,''' guanethidine''')'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder agents (methylphenidates</span>''' (concerta, daytrana, focalin, metadate, methylin, quillivant, ritalin)''', atomoxetine (strattera))'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Recreational drugs (alcohol, cocaine</span>''' (intranasal and topical)''',  <span style="color:#ff0000">marijuana)</span>'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Hormones (testosterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone)</span>'''
## '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Vasoactive erectile agents (oral phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, combination intracavernous therapy)</span>'''
##* Most case reports describing priapism after use of a PDE5 inhibitor reveal histories of increased risk of priapism: sickle cell disease, spinal cord injury, use of a PDE5 inhibitor recreationally, use of a PDE5 inhibitor in combination with intracavernosal injections, history of penile trauma, use of psychotropic medications, or use of recreational drugs; '''risk is even lower for daily dosing PDE5 inhibitor'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Genitourinary trauma </span>(straddle injury, pelvic trauma, coital injury, kick to penis or perineum)'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Genitourinary conditions </span>(urinary retention''', arteriovenous or arteriocavernous bypass surgery''')'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Thrombotic diseases/states </span>(thrombophilc states''' (deficiencies of protein C, S or Factor V Leiden), asplenia, erythropoietin use, hemodialysis with heparin use, and cessation of warfarin''')'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Hematologic diseases (sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias (congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II, unstable hemoglobinopathies, polycythemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, multiple myeloma, chronic myelogenous or lymphocytic leukemias)</span>'''
##In homozygous sickle cell anemia, the most common form of SCD, priapism occurs in 23-89% of males by age 18.[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10598664/]
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Infectious (toxin-mediated) causes (scorpion sting, spider bite, rabies, malaria)</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Metabolic conditions </span>(amyloidosis, Fabry disease, gout)'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Cancer </span>(metastatic or regional infiltration) (prostate, urethra, testis, bladder, rectum, lung, kidney)'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Neurogenic conditions </span>(spinal cord injury, cerebral vascular accident, brain tumor,''' syphilis, autonomic neuropathy, lumbar disk herniation, spinal stenosis, spinal anesthesia, cauda equina syndrome''')'''