Editing Infertility: Epidemiology and Etiology (section)

=== Pre-testicular (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) ===

==== Congenital ====
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Kallmann syndrome'''
#* '''Inheritance: X-linked recessive disorder'''
#*'''Characterized by decreased pituitary hormone secretion'''
#* '''Associated with anosmia'''
#**'''Presence can be evaluated with smell test'''
#* '''Management:[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33295257/ §]'''
#** '''Replacing LH with hCG'''
#** '''Replacing FSH with recombinant FSH or hMG,''' which exhibits both LH and FSH-like activity, after testosterone levels are normalized on hCG
#**If medical therapy fails to result in a pregnancy, but some sperm are found in the ejaculate, referral for ART is recommended.
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Prader-Willi syndrome'''
#* '''Features: hypogonadism, small testes, dysmorphic facies, growth hormone deficiency with short stature, small hands and feet, pain insensitivity, cognitive disorders''' 

==== Acquired ====
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Hyperprolactinemia</span>'''
#* '''See [[Testosterone Deficiency (2018)|2018 AUA Testosterone Deficiency]] Guideline Notes'''
# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Pituitary or suprasellar tumors</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Pituitary infiltrative disorders (e.g., hemochromatosis, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis)</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Pituitary apoplexy (Sheehan's syndrome)</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Pituitary surgery</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Head trauma</span>'''
#'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Exogenous androgens</span>'''