Editing Undescended Testicle (section)

=== Congenital ===
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Perinatal risk factors (4):'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Prematurity'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Low birth weight or small size for gestational age'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Breech presentation'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Maternal diabetes'''
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Genetic susceptibility'''
** '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Family history</span>'''; susceptibility is likely polygenic and multifactorial
** Although multiple genetic variants likely contribute to the risk of non-syndromic cryptorchidism, most remain unknown at this time.
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Environmental risk factors (4):'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Maternal smoking'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Maternal use of acetaminophen'''
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Abnormalities in pituitary and/or gonadal hormone secretion during infancy''' in the absence of generalized, persistent endocrine dysfunction
*# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Environmental chemicals:</span>''' potential associations in selected populations but not strongly supported as a cause of increased susceptibility to cryptorchidism
* '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Syndromic Cryptorchidism'''
** '''Undescended testes are frequently present in diseases associated with reduced androgen production and/or action, such as androgen biosynthetic defects, androgen insensitivity, Leydig cell agenesis, and gonadotropin deficiency disorders'''
** '''Conditions associated with cryptorchidism'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Persistent müllerian duct syndrome'''
**#* '''See [[Disorders of Sexual Differentiation]] Chapter Notes'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Klinefelter syndrome'''
**#* '''See [[Disorders of Sexual Differentiation]] Chapter Notes'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Down syndrome (trisomy 21)'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Prune-belly syndrome'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Prader-Willi syndrome'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Noonan’s syndrome'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Myelomeningocele'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Posterior urethral valve'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Cerebral palsy'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Arthrogryposis'''
**# '''<span style="color:#ff0000">Spigelian hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, imperforate anus, umbilical hernia'''