Editing Benign Bladder Tumours

[[Category:Bladder Cancer]]

== Epithelial Metaplasia ==
* '''Squamous metaplasia'''
** Often has a '''knobby appearance''' and is covered by '''white, flaky,''' '''easily disrupted material lying on the trigone'''.
** '''≈40% of women''' and 5% of men '''have squamous metaplasia of the bladder, which is usually related to infection, trauma, or surgery; a normal finding in premenopausal females'''
* '''Glandular metaplasia'''
** '''Appears as clumps of raised red areas that appear inflammatory'''
** '''Often confused for cancer'''

=== Management ===
*'''No treatment is needed'''

== Leukoplakia ==
* '''Similar to squamous metaplasia with the addition of keratin deposition''' that appears as a white flaky substance floating in the bladder

=== Management ===
*'''No treatment is needed'''

== Urothelial papilloma ==
* '''Composed of delicate stalks''' lined by normal-appearing urothelium
* '''Papillomas may recur, but do not progress or invade'''

== Inverted papilloma ==
* '''Associated with chronic inflammation or bladder outlet obstruction'''
* Can be located throughout the bladder but '''most commonly on the trigone'''
* '''1% incidence of tumor recurrence, but do not progress or invade'''

=== Management ===
*Transurethral resection is the treatment

== Nephrogenic Adenoma ==
* '''Rare'''
* '''Caused by chronic irritation of the urothelium; also associated with trauma''', previous surgery, '''renal''' '''transplantation, intravesical chemotherapy, stones, catheters, and infection'''

== Cystitis Cystica and Glandularis ==
* Common finding in normal bladders
* '''Usually associated with inflammation or chronic obstruction'''
* '''Cystitis glandularis may be associated with pelvic lipomatosis'''

=== Management ===
*'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Regular endoscopic evaluation of patients with these entities is recommended'''
**'''Few case reports of cystitis cystica or glandularis transforming into adenocarcinoma'''

== Leiomyoma ==
* Occur most commonly in women of childbearing age

=== Management ===
*Surgical resection is required if the leiomyoma is large or painful

== Endometriosis ==

=== Management ===
*Can be treated with hormones, TUR, or partial cystectomy

== Questions ==

# List benign tumours of the bladder

== Answers ==

# List benign tumours of the bladder
## Epithelial metaplasia
## Leukoplakia
## Papilloma
## Inverted papilloma
## Nephrogenic adenoma
## Cystitis cystica/glandularis
## Leiomyoma
## Endometriosis

== References ==

* Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA (eds): CAMPBELL-WALSH UROLOGY, ed 11. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2015, chap 92