AUA: Female SUI (2023)

See Original Guideline

Definitions

• Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI): symptom of urinary leakage due to increased abdominal pressure, which can be caused by activities such as sneezing, coughing, exercise, lifting, and position change.
  • Intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD): often defined as an abdominal leak point pressure <60 cm H20 or a maximal urethral closure pressure <20 cm H20, often in the face of minimal urethral mobility
    • The utility of urethral function assessment remains controversial
• Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI): symptom of urinary leakage that occurs in conjunction with the feeling of urgency and a sudden desire to urinate that cannot be deferred.
• Mixed urinary incontinence refers to a combination of SUI and UUI

Background

• Prevalence of female SUI: up to 49%
• The index patient for this guideline is an otherwise healthy female who is considering surgical therapy for the correction of pure stress and/or stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) who has not undergone previous SUI surgery. Patients with low-grade pelvic organ prolapse were also considered to be index patients.
• Non-index patients include:
  • Females with SUI and high-grade pelvic organ prolapse (stage 3 or 4)
  • MUI (non-stress-predominant)
  • Incomplete emptying/elevated post-void residual (PVR) and/or other voiding dysfunction
  • Prior surgical interventions for SUI
  • Recurrent or persistent SUI
  • Mesh complications
  • High BMI
  • Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction
  • Advanced age (geriatric)

Diagnosis and Evaluation of Patients Wanting Surgery for SUI

Differential diagnosis

1. Overflow incontinence
2. Detrusor overactivity incontinence
3. Low bladder compliance
4. Stress-induced detrusor overactivity
5. Diverticulum
6. Urinary fistula
7. Ectopic ureter

Investigations

Mandatory (4):

1. History (including assessment of bother) and physical exam
2. Objective demonstration of stress urinary incontinence
3. Urinalysis
4. PVR

History

• Characterize incontinence (stress, urgency, mixed, continuous, without sensory awareness).
  • Presence of coughing, sneezing, lifting, walking, or running as initiators of incontinence increases the likelihood of SUI as the cause of urinary leakage
  • Chronicity of symptoms
  • Frequency, bother, and severity of incontinence episodes. Pad or protection use.
    • An assessment of bother is paramount to the decision to operate in the index patient.
• Concomitant urinary tract symptoms (e.g., urgency, frequency, nocturia, dysuria, hematuria, slow flow, hesitancy, incomplete emptying)
• Associated pelvic symptoms (e.g., pelvic pain, pressure, bulging, dyspareunia) or GI symptoms (e.g., constipation, diarrhea, splinting to defecate)
• Menopausal status
• Obstetric history (e.g., gravity, parity, method of delivery)
• Previous pelvic surgeries
• Past medical history (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, history of pelvic radiation)
• Current and past medications
• Fluid, alcohol, and caffeine intake
• Previous treatments for incontinence (e.g., behavioral therapy, Kegel exercises/pelvic floor muscle training, pharmacotherapy, surgery)
• Patient’s expectations of treatment (patient-centered goals)
• History alone, while helpful, does not definitively diagnose SUI in women

Physical exam (6):

1. Supine and/or standing stress test with comfortably full bladder
2. Focused abdominal examination
3. Evaluation of urethral mobility (any method)
4. Assessment of pelvic prolapse (any method)
5. Assessment of vaginal atrophy/estrogenization status
6. Focused neurologic examination

Objective demonstration of SUI

• Stress test
  • Considered positive if involuntary urine loss from the urethral meatus is witnessed coincident with increased abdominal pressure
    • A positive stress test had a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting SUI
  • If leakage is not witnessed in the supine position, the test may be repeated in the standing position to facilitate the diagnosis

Urinalysis

• Screen for abnormalities (microscopic hematuria, pyuria, etc.), which may prompt further investigations and reveal underlying cause (bladder tumour, for example) of incontinence

PVR

• May prompt further investigations and reveal underlying cause (overflow, for example) of incontinence

Other tests

Questionnaires

• Overall, low strength of evidence due to limited number of studies for each questionnaire

Q-tip test

• Positive test is unlikely to aid in the diagnosis of SUI; SUI may exist without urethral hypermobility and vice versa.
• Can provide potentially useful information regarding the degree of urethral mobility

Pad test

• May confirm the presence of incontinence but does not distinguish the specific type

Additional evaluations

• Should be considered for patients with the following conditions:
  1. Known or suspected neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction
  2. Inability to demonstrate stress urinary incontinence
  3. Inability to make definitive diagnosis based on symptoms and initial evaluation
  4. Elevated post-void residual per clinician judgment
  5. Evidence of significant voiding dysfunction
  6. Urgency-predominant mixed urinary incontinence
  7. Abnormal urinalysis, such as unexplained hematuria or pyuria
  8. High grade pelvic organ prolapse (POP-Q stage 3 or higher) if SUI not demonstrated by pelvic organ prolapse reduction
• May be performed in patients with:
  • Concomitant overactive bladder symptoms
  • Failure of prior anti-incontinence surgery
  • Prior pelvic prolapse surgery

Cystoscopy

• Should not be performed in index patients for the evaluation of SUI unless urinary tract pathology is suspected
• However, intraoperative cystoscopy should be performed in patients undergoing certain surgical procedures (e.g., midurethral (MUS) or pubovaginal fascial (PVS) slings) to confirm the integrity of the lower urinary tract and the absence of foreign body
• Should be performed in patients who have a history of prior anti-incontinence surgery or pelvic floor reconstruction, particularly if mesh or suture perforation is suspected

UDS

• May be omitted for the index patient desiring treatment when SUI is clearly demonstrated
• May be performed at the urologist’s discretion in certain non-index patients, including but not limited to
  1. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction
  2. Unconfirmed SUI
  3. Mismatch between subjective and objective measures
  4. Elevated PVR per clinician judgment
  5. Significant voiding dysfunction
  6. Significant urgency, UUI, overactive bladder (OAB)
  7. History of prior pelvic organ prolapse surgery
  8. History of prior anti-incontinence surgery

Management

Options

• Observation
• Non-surgical interventions (3):
  1. Continence pessary
  2. Vaginal inserts
  3. Pelvic floor muscle training (± biofeedback)
• Surgical intervention
  • Options (4):
    1. Bulking agents
    2. Midurethral sling (MUS)
    3. Autologous pubovaginal sling (PVS)
    4. Burch culposuspension

Observation

• The degree of bother should be considered when considering treatment; if the patient expresses minimal subjective bother due to the SUI, then strong consideration should be given to conservative, non–surgical therapy

Non-surgical interventions (3):

1. Continence pessary
2. Vaginal inserts
3. Pelvic floor muscle training (± biofeedback)

Surgical intervention

• Options (4): bulking agents, midurethral slings (MUS), autologous pubovaginal sling (PVS), Burch culposuspension
  1. Bulking agents
     • Little long-term data
     • Patients should be counseled on the expected need for repeat injections
  2. Midurethral sling (MUS)
     • Classified as retropubic (top-down or bottom-up) vs. transobturator (inside-out or outside-in) vs. single incision sling (SIS)/adjustable sling types
       • Retropubic MUS (RMUS, e.g. TVT-R) vs. Trans-obturator MUS (TMUS e.g. TVT-O); TVT without specification refers to TVT-R
         • Short-term analyses found them to be equivalent; long-term comparisons are relatively lacking, however, data from increasing follow up appear to be demonstrating a lack of durability of TMUS versus RMUS
         • Significant differences in adverse events:
           • RMUS more likely to have:
             1. Major vascular or visceral injuries
             2. Bladder or urethral perforations
             3. Voiding dysfunction
             4. Suprapubic pain
           • TMUS more likely to have:
             1. Groin pain
             2. Repeat incontinence surgery between 1-5 years
             3. Repeat incontinence surgery after >5 years
           • Briefly, RMUS riskier but lasts longer
             • TOMUS (Trial of Mid-Urethral Slings) trial
             • Population: 597 women with SUI
             • Randomized to retropubic vs. transobturator midurethral sling
             • Results:
               • At 12 months, retropubic slings equivalent efficacy and greater risk of post-operative voiding dysfunction compared to transobturator slings
       • SIS vs. RMUS or TMUS
         • Insufficient comparative data to favor a SIS over either
       • Both RMUS (top-down or bottom-up) and TMUS (inside-out or outside-in) can be offered for MUS. SIS can be offered with patient understanding that long-term data on safety and efficacy is lacking
     • Patient counselling
       • Must discuss the specific risks and benefits of mesh as well as the alternatives to a mesh sling.
       • Risks include mesh exposure into the vagina and/or perforation into the lower urinary tract, either of which could require additional procedures for surgical removal of the involved mesh and, if necessary, repair of the lower urinary tract.
       • Abdominal, pelvic, vaginal, groin, and thigh pain can be seen after sling placement
       • The literature does not definitively suggest that MUS is more or less effective to alternative interventions, such as PVS or colposuspension
     • Procedure:
       • Do not place a mesh sling if the urethra is inadvertently injured at the time of planned MUS procedure
     • Should not utilize a synthetic MUS in patients undergoing concomitant (3):
       1. Urethral diverticulectomy
       2. Repair of urethrovaginal fistula
       3. Urethral mesh excision
       • Mesh placed in close proximity to a concurrent urethral incision can theoretically affect wound healing, potentially resulting in mesh perforation.
     • Consider avoiding the use of mesh in patients undergoing SUI surgery who are at risk for poor wound healing (e.g., following radiation therapy, presence of significant scarring, poor tissue quality, long-term steroid use; impaired collagen associated with systemic autoimmune disorders, such as visceral Sjogren’s disease or systemic lupus erythematosus; and immune suppression)
  3. Autologous fascia pubovaginal sling
     • Procedure more morbid than MUS
     • Risks include wound infection, seroma formation, or ventral incisional or leg hernia depending on the fascial harvest site
  4. Burch colposuspension
     • Option in patients who
       • Want to avoid mesh and avoid the morbidity of fascial harvest
       • Are undergoing a simultaneous abdominal procedure, such as open or minimally invasive hysterectomy
• Risks of surgical intervention
  • Intra-operative risks: risks of anesthesia, bleeding, UTI, bladder injury, and urethral injury, and procedure-specific risks (see below)
  • Post-operative (4):
    1. Voiding dysfunction
       • May involve both storage and emptying symptoms
       • Risk of de novo or worsening of baseline storage symptoms for patients with MUI or SUI with urinary urgency.
       • Management
         • Appropriate and effective to initially treat persistent voiding dysfunction conservatively. This includes temporary catheter drainage, CIC, timed voiding, double voiding, biofeedback, pelvic floor muscle training, and anticholinergic therapy.
    2. Obstruction resulting in urinary retention
       • Management
         • Would require intermittent catheterization, indwelling Foley catheter drainage, and possible sling incision, sling loosening, or urethrolysis if this does not resolve spontaneously
         • PVS
           • Obstruction after an autologous PVS procedure usually improves or resolves with time; although transient urinary retention is common, most patients return to spontaneous voiding within the first 10 days
           • In the first 6 weeks after autologous PVS surgery, loosening the sling in the operating room (using spinal or general anesthesia) can be attempted. This is done by first inserting a cystoscope into the bladder and then gently applying caudal pressure to the urethra. This procedure is not advised with synthetic slings
           • After 6 weeks or when conservative measures fail, a formal urethrolysis or sling incision is indicated.
         • MUS
           • Urinary obstruction after MUS surgery is usually transient and can be managed with short-term intermittent catheterization, although occasionally symptoms mandate sling release.
           • For patients with persistently elevated residual urine and bothersome symptoms refractory to conservative management, transvaginal sling release procedures consistently provide resolution of symptoms with maintenance of continence in the majority of patients. We recommend a waiting period of at least 2 to 4 weeks before sling release.
    3. Pain with sexual activity
    4. Persistent SUI immediately after the procedure or recurrent SUI at a later time that may require further intervention
• Physicians should not offer stem cell therapy for SUI outside of investigative protocols

Special cases

• The autologous PVS is the preferred surgical approach in patients with SUI and a fixed, immobile urethra (often referred to as ‘intrinsic sphincter deficiency’); RMUS or urethral bulking agents can be offered as alternatives
• In patients undergoing concomitant surgery for pelvic prolapse repair and SUI, physicians may perform any of the incontinence procedures (e.g., midurethral sling, PVS, Burch colposuspension).
  • Must balance the benefits with the potential for an unnecessary surgery and possible additional morbidity
  • A nomogram has been developed that can help estimate the risk of developing SUI after vaginal prolapse surgery and can aid in the decision regarding whether or not to perform a concomitant anti-incontinence procedure.
• Physicians may offer patients with SUI and concomitant neurologic disease affecting lower urinary tract function (neurogenic bladder) surgical treatment of SUI after appropriate evaluation and counseling have been performed.
  • Patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction do not fall into the category of the index patient, and a detailed evaluation should be performed. Other issues, such as incomplete emptying, detrusor overactivity, and impaired compliance, should be identified and in many cases treated prior to surgical intervention for SUI.
  • In a patient who requires intermittent catheterization, one must be cognizant of possible complications with the use of a bulking agent (bulking effect may be attenuated by frequent catheter passage) or a synthetic sling (potential catheter trauma in the area of the sling could place the patient at risk for mesh erosion into the urethra).
  • Patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction who undergo sling procedures in particular should be followed long-term for changes in lower urinary tract function that could be either induced over time by the neurologic condition itself, or potentially by the sling procedure.
    • New onset hydroureteronephrosis found after sphincter/sling placement in patients with a neurogenic bladder may be caused by bladder decompensation (detrusor noncompliance) that was not identified on pre-operative urodynamic studies
• Synthetic MUS, in addition to other sling types, may be offered to the following patient populations after appropriate evaluation and counseling have been performed:
  • Patients planning to bear children
    • Placement of a sling should be postponed until child bearing is complete; among women with prior MUS, there is a high rate of SUI recurrence following delivery, independent of mode of delivery
  • Diabetes
    • Higher risk for mesh erosion and reduced effectiveness compared with their non-diabetic counterparts.
  • Obesity
    • Worse clinical effectiveness of slings in obese patients compared with those with lower BMI.
  • Geriatric (age >65)
    • Lower likelihood of successful clinical outcomes compared with younger patients

Outcomes assessment

• Patients should be evaluated within the early postoperative period to assess any significant voiding problems, pain, or other unanticipated events. If patients are experiencing any of these outcomes, they should be seen and examined.
  • If there is evidence a patient has symptoms of obstruction, early intervention may be necessary to reduce patient bother and to prevent development of bladder dysfunction in the long-term.
• Patients should be seen and examined within 6 months post-operatively. Patients with unfavorable outcomes may require additional follow-up.
  • The subjective outcome of surgery as perceived by the patient should be assessed and documented. Patients should be asked about residual incontinence, ease of voiding/force of stream, recent UTI, pain, sexual function and new onset or worsened overactive bladder symptoms.
  • A physical exam, including an examination of all surgical incision sites, should be performed to evaluate healing, tenderness, mesh extrusion (in the case of synthetic slings), and any other potential abnormalities.
  • A post-void residual should be obtained
  • A standardized questionnaire (e.g. PGI-I) may be considered

Questions

1. What is the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with incontinence?
2. What is the recommended workup of a patient presenting with SUI?
3. Take a history of a patient presenting with SUI
4. Describe your physical exam.
5. When should UDS be considered in a patient presenting with SUI?
6. What are non-surgical/surgical treatment options for SUI?
7. What are the potential risks associated with surgical intervention for SUI?
8. What are the 3 surgical approaches to a MUS? Which approach to the MUS is more likely to be associated with bladder perforation?
9. In which patients should a synthetic MUS be avoided?
10. What is the preferred surgical treatment in a patient with SUI due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency?

Answers

1. What is the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with incontinence?
   1. Overflow incontinence
   2. Detrusor overactivity incontinence
   3. Low bladder compliance
   4. Stress-induced detrusor overactivity
   5. Diverticulum
   6. Urinary fistula
   7. Ectopic ureter
2. What is the recommended workup of a patient presenting with SUI?
   1. History + physical exam
   2. Objective demonstration of SUI
   3. Urinalysis
   4. PVR
3. Take a history of a patient presenting with SUI
   1. Characterize LUTS
   2. Degree of bother
   3. Associated pelvic or GI symptoms
   4. Gyne/obstetric history, menopausal status
   5. Fluid intake
   6. PMHx, PSHx, Meds, allergies
   7. Previous treatments, treatment expectations
4. Describe your physical exam.
   1. Focused abdominal examination
   2. Evaluation of urethral mobility (any method)
   3. Supine and/or standing stress test with comfortably full bladder
   4. Assessment of pelvic prolapse (any method)
   5. Assessment of vaginal atrophy/estrogenization status
   6. Focused neurologic examination
5. When should UDS be considered in a patient presenting with SUI?
   1. History of prior anti-incontinence surgery
   2. History of prior pelvic organ prolapse surgery
   3. Mismatch between subjective and objective measures
   4. Significant voiding dysfunction
   5. Significant urgency, UUI, overactive bladder (OAB)
   6. Elevated PVR per clinician judgment
   7. Unconfirmed SUI
   8. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction
6. What are non-surgical/surgical treatment options for SUI?
   • Non-surgical:
     1. PFMT
     2. Biofeedback
     3. Pessary
     4. Vaginal inserts
   • Surgical:
     1. Bulking agents
     2. MUS
     3. PVS
     4. Burch-coloposuspension
7. What are the potential risks associated with surgical intervention for SUI?
   1. Voiding dysfunction (de novo or worsening of LUTS)
   2. Urinary retention
   3. Dyspareunia
   4. Persistent/recurrent SUI
8. What are the 3 surgical approaches to a MUS? Which approach to the MUS is more likely to be associated with bladder perforation?
   1. Retropubic, most likely to be associated with bladder perforation
   2. Transobturator
   3. Single-incision
9. In which patients should a synthetic MUS be avoided?
   • Patients undergoing concomitant
     1. Urethral diverticulectomy
     2. Repair urethrovaginal fistula
     3. Excision urethral mesh
10. What is the preferred surgical treatment in a patient with SUI due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency?
    • Autologous PVS