Stones: Evaluation and Medical Management: Difference between revisions

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 ****'''<span style="color:#ff0000">Cystine stones</span>'''
 ***** '''Although magnesium ammonium phosphate and cystine stones are often radioopaque, they are not as dense as calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones'''
-**'''Can identify nephrocalcinosis'''
+**'''Nephrocalcinosis'''
-***'''Conditions associated with nephrocalcinosis (4):'''
+***'''Formation of diffuse deposits of calcium throughout the kidneys'''
-***#'''RTA type 1'''
+****'''Usually occurs within the renal medulla''' but occasionally it has been found in the cortex or within both the medulla and the cortex
-***#'''Primary hyperparathyroidism'''
+****Minute calcifications seen in early stages may not be visible
-***#'''Medullary sponge kidney'''
+***'''Can give rise to renal colic and hydronephrosis from dislodged calcific foci'''
-***#'''Primary hyperoxaluria'''
+***'''Causes[https://radiopaedia.org/articles/medullary-nephrocalcinosis §]'''
+****'''Medulla'''
+*****'''Type 1 (distal) RTA'''
+*****'''Hyperparathyroidism'''
+*****'''Medullary sponge kidney'''
+*****'''Hypervitaminosis D'''
+*****'''Milk-alkali syndrome'''
+*****'''Sarcoidosis'''
+*****'''Hyper/hypothyroidism'''
+*****'''Other pathological hypercalcemic or hypercalciuric states'''
+******'''Cushing syndrome'''
+******'''Multiple myeloma'''
+******'''Bartter syndrome'''
+******'''Bone metastases'''
+****'''Pyramids'''
+*****'''Hyperuricemia'''
+***** '''Infection (particularly renal tuberculosis)'''
+*****'''Sickle cell disease (leading to infarction and subsequent dystrophic calcification)'''
+*****'''Renal papillary necrosis'''
+*****'''Drugs'''
+*****'''Furosemide abuse'''
+****'''Corticol COAG'''
+*****'''Corticol necrosis'''
+*****'''Oxalosis (Primary hyperoxaluria)'''
+*****'''Alport syndrome'''
+*****'''Glomerulonephritis (chronic)'''
+*** Insert Image  Plain film x-ray demonstrating bilateral diffuse calcium deposits in the kidneys  Source: Wikipedia
 *Test characteristics[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443345/ §]
 **Sensitivity: 57%