Male Reproductive Physiology: Difference between revisions

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~~Components of~~ the ~~Reproductive (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Testis) Axis~~

[[File:Hypothalamic hormones.png|thumb|501x501px|Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland]]

===== Components of the Reproductive (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Testis) Axis =====

* Hypothalamus

** Produces GnRH

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****# Pulsatile, peaks every 90-120 minutes

****## Pulsatility arises at puberty, around age 12

[[File:~~Hypothalamic hormones~~.~~png~~|thumb|~~389x389px~~|~~Hormones~~ produced by the ~~hypothalamus~~ and pituitary gland~~|center~~]]~~'''Anterior pituitary'''~~

[[File:1000px-1810 Major Pituitary Hormones.jpg|thumb|591x591px|Target and effects of hormonones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. Source: Wikipedia]]

*'''Produces (6):'''

*#'''Luteinizing hormone'''

*#'''Follicle-stimulating hormone'''

*#Growth hormone

*#Thyroid-stimulating hormone

*#Adrenocorticotropic hormone

*#Prolactin

===== '''Anterior pituitary''' =====

* '''Produces (6):'''

*# '''Luteinizing hormone'''

*# '''Follicle-stimulating hormone'''

*# '''Growth hormone'''

*# '''Thyroid-stimulating hormone'''

*# '''Adrenocorticotropic hormone'''

*# '''Prolactin'''<br />

*'''LH and FSH act only on gonads'''

*'''Luteinizing hormone (LH)'''

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**'''Acts by negative feedback at the pituitary''' [Campbell’s 12th edition, page 1319 says both “hypothalamus or pituitary”, [[wikipedia:Activin_and_inhibin#Inhibin|Wikipedia]] says “Inhibin does not inhibit the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus", 2019 AUA Update on Exogenous Testosterone and Male Reproduction agrees with Wikipedia] '''to inhibit FSH production'''

*'''[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2672952/ Inhibin and activin can influence steroid production by Leydig cells]'''<br />

[[File:Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Testicle-Hormone-Axis.svg.png|center|thumb|512x512px|Negative feedback by inhibin and testosterone. Source: Wikipedia]]

*'''Prolactin'''

**'''Normal levels may increase concentration of LH receptors on Leydig cells and sustain normal, high intratesticular testosterone levels'''

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*#* Cellular remodeling and nuclear compaction of spermatid DNA; '''spermatids mature to become spermatozoa'''

* '''SpermatOGONIA (least differentiated) --› spermatOCYTE --› spermatID (most differentiated) --› spermatOZOA'''

[[File:Spermatogenesis Diagram.jpg.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Differentiation from spermatogonia to spermatozoa. Source: Wikipedia]]

~~INSERT IMAGE~~

===== '''Epididymis''' =====

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* '''Ciliated cells with a 9+2 axonemal structure that allows motility'''

* Utilize glucose and fructose (from seminal vesicles) for energy

[[File:Spermatozoa anatomy.png|center|thumb|491x491px|Spermatozoa anatomy. Source: Wikipedia]]

~~insert image~~

* '''Processes that must occur for a sperm to normally fertilize an egg include (4):'''

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Components of the Reproductive (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Testis) Axis
+[[File:Hypothalamic hormones.png|thumb|501x501px|Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland]]
+===== Components of the Reproductive (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Testis) Axis =====
 * Hypothalamus
 ** Produces GnRH
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 ****# Pulsatile, peaks every 90-120 minutes
 ****## Pulsatility arises at puberty, around age 12
-[[File:Hypothalamic hormones.png|thumb|389x389px|Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland|center]]'''Anterior pituitary'''
+[[File:1000px-1810 Major Pituitary Hormones.jpg|thumb|591x591px|Target and effects of hormonones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland. Source: Wikipedia]]
-*'''Produces (6):'''
-*#'''Luteinizing hormone'''
-*#'''Follicle-stimulating hormone'''
-*#Growth hormone
-*#Thyroid-stimulating hormone
-*#Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-*#Prolactin
+===== '''Anterior pituitary''' =====
+* '''Produces (6):'''
+*# '''Luteinizing hormone'''
+*# '''Follicle-stimulating hormone'''
+*# '''Growth hormone'''
+*# '''Thyroid-stimulating hormone'''
+*# '''Adrenocorticotropic hormone'''
+*# '''Prolactin'''<br />
 *'''LH and FSH act only on gonads'''
 *'''Luteinizing hormone (LH)'''
@@ Line 53: / Line 54: @@
 **'''Acts by negative feedback at the pituitary''' [Campbell’s 12th edition, page 1319 says both “hypothalamus or pituitary”, [[wikipedia:Activin_and_inhibin#Inhibin|Wikipedia]] says “Inhibin does not inhibit the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus", 2019 AUA Update on Exogenous Testosterone and Male Reproduction agrees with Wikipedia] '''to inhibit FSH production'''
 *'''[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2672952/ Inhibin and activin can influence steroid production by Leydig cells]'''<br />
+[[File:Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Testicle-Hormone-Axis.svg.png|center|thumb|512x512px|Negative feedback by inhibin and testosterone. Source: Wikipedia]]
 *'''Prolactin'''
 **'''Normal levels may increase concentration of LH receptors on Leydig cells and sustain normal, high intratesticular testosterone levels'''
@@ Line 205: / Line 206: @@
 *#* Cellular remodeling and nuclear compaction of spermatid DNA; '''spermatids mature to become spermatozoa'''
 * '''SpermatOGONIA (least differentiated) --› spermatOCYTE --› spermatID (most differentiated) --› spermatOZOA'''
+[[File:Spermatogenesis Diagram.jpg.png|center|thumb|610x610px|Differentiation from spermatogonia to spermatozoa. Source: Wikipedia]]
-INSERT IMAGE
 ===== '''Epididymis''' =====
@@ Line 266: / Line 265: @@
 * '''Ciliated cells with a 9+2 axonemal structure that allows motility'''
 * Utilize glucose and fructose (from seminal vesicles) for energy
+[[File:Spermatozoa anatomy.png|center|thumb|491x491px|Spermatozoa anatomy. Source: Wikipedia]]
-insert image
 * '''Processes that must occur for a sperm to normally fertilize an egg include (4):'''