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  • 12:30, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Prostate (Created page with "== Embryology == * '''Transitional and peripheral zone derived from urogenital sinus''' * '''Central zone derived from Wollffian duct''' * '''Homologous to the Skene glands in females''' == Gross Structure == * Ovoid in shape * '''The base of the prostate is at the bladder-prostate junction''' * The narrowed '''apex is the most inferior portion of the prostate gland,''' reaching the urogenital diaphragm. '''The apex of the prostate is continuous with the striated uret...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 12:19, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Bladder (Created page with "== Embryology == * The terminal part of the hindgut ends in the cloaca§ * '''The cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum into the:'''§ ** Dorsal (inferior) portion *** Develops into the rectum and anal canal ** '''Ventral (superior) portion''' '''(also known as urogenital sinus)''' *** '''Develops into:''' **** '''Common: bladder''' **** '''Males: transitional and peripheral zone of prostate, prostate and penile urethra, and bulbourethral glands''' **** '''Females:...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 12:17, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Female Pelvis (Created page with "'''See Male Pelvis Anatomy Chapter Notes for concepts common to females''' == Bony pelvis == * '''Females have a wider diameter and a more oval inlet compared to males''' == Female-specific Ligaments == * '''Broad ligament''' ** '''Contains the fallopian tube and ovary''' ** '''Divided into mesometrium, mesosalpinx, and mesovariaum''' *** '''Mesometrium of the broad ligament contains the gonadal vessels and nerves''' ** Lies on the posterolateral surface of the uteru...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:22, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Male Pelvis (Created page with "===== '''Bony pelvis''' ===== * '''The pelvic bones are the:''' ** '''Sacrum''' *** Termination of the axial skeleton ** '''3 innominate bones:''' **# '''Ilium''' **# '''Ischium''' **# '''Pubis''' **## '''The ischium and pubis''' also meet below, in the center of the inferior ramus, to '''form the obturator foramen''' * Ischial spine ** A small posterior point between the ramus and the body of the ischium * Cooper (pectineal) ligament ** Overlies the pectineal line and...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:13, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Adrenals (Created page with "== Anatomic relationships == * Both adrenals are located at the level of the 11th or 12th ribs ** '''Right gland located more superiorly''' than left *** Recall that right kidney is located more superioly than left * '''The adrenals are enclosed within the perirenal (Gerota) fascia''' and are completely surrounded by perirenal adipose tissue. * '''Each gland is separated from the upper pole of the ipsilateral kidney by a thin layer of connective tissue''' * '''The weigh...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:10, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Ureters (Created page with "== Embryology == * '''At the 5th week of gestation, the ureteric bud arises as a diverticulum from the mesonephric (Wolfian) duct.'''§ ** The bud grows laterally and invades the center of the metanephrogenic blastema, the primordial renal tissue. The meeting of these two tissues causes changes in the bud and the metanephros. * '''The metanephrogenic blastema forms glomeruli, proximal tubules and distal tubules.'''§ * '''The ureteric bud forms the collecting tubules an...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:09, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Retroperitoneum (Created page with "== Background == * The retroperitoneum can be described as the entirety of the structures contained: ** Anteriorly by the posterior reflection of the peritoneum ** Posteriorly by the abdominal wall ** Cranially by the diaphragm ** Caudally by the extraperitoneal pelvic structures (bladder, rectum, vagina, uterus) *** Extraperitoneal pelvic structures is different from extraperitoneal space; the latter includes the retroperitoneum and the space that circumferentially sur...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:04, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Kidneys (Created page with "== Surface anatomy and relationships == * Each kidney measures 10-12cm in length, 5.5-7.5cm in width, and 2.5-3cm in thickness * Each adult male kidney weighs ≈125-170g; the kidney is 10-15g smaller in females * '''Kidneys in children have more prominent fetal lobulations, which generally disappear by the first year of life.''' '''The adult kidney’s lateral contour might have a focal renal parenchymal bulge (dromedary hump), which is more common on the left side and...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:02, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Abdominal Wall (Created page with "== Anterior abdominal wall == * '''Layers (from superficial to deep)''' ** '''Skin''' *** '''Camper fascia''' *** '''Scarpa fascia''' ** '''Abdominal musculature''' *** '''External oblique''' *** '''Internal oblique''' *** '''Transversus abdominis''' ** '''Transversalis fascia''' ** '''Peritoneum''' ** Insert figure ** '''Skin and subcutaneous fasciae''' *** '''Camper fascia''' **** '''A loose layer of fatty tissue deep to the skin''' **** Varies in thickness with the n...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 11:00, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Inguinal Node Dissection (Created page with "'''See Contemporary management of patients with penile cancer and lymph node metastasis (Nat Rev Urol 2007)''' == Anatomic Considerations == * '''Penile lymphatics''' ** '''Superficial lymphatic system''' *** '''Drains the prepuce and skin of the penile shaft''' *** '''Empties into the right and left superficial inguinal nodes of the femoral triangle''' ** '''Deep lymphatic system''' *** '''Drains the glans penis''' *** '''Empties into the superficial inguinal nodes an...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:58, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Urethral Tumours (Created page with "== Benign Urethral Tumours == * '''Rare'''; only a few small series and case reports in the literature * '''Most frequently reported:''' *# '''Leiomyoma''' *# '''Hemangioma''' *# '''Fibroepithelial polyp''' === Leiomyoma === * '''Epidemiology''' ** '''Occur primarily in women''' ** Most present in the 3rd or 4th decade of life * Diagnosis and evaluation ** Most common clinical presentations include: *** Palpable anterior vaginal mass *** Storage LUTS **** Voiding LUTS...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:50, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page RPLND (Created page with "* Principles of RPLND (template, limits, nerve-sparing, etc.) are applied, regardless of the intent to administer adjuvant chemotherapy or approach (open vs. minimially-invasive) * Patients who are candidates for RPLND should be referred to an experienced surgeon at a high-volume center. ** Surgeons with experience in the management of GCT and expertise in minimally invasive surgery may offer a minimally-invasive RPLND, acknowledging the lack of long-term data on oncolo...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:46, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Orchiectomy (Created page with "== Radical Orchiectomy == * Video * Position: supine * Preparation: abdomen above the umbilicus cranially, the bilateral mid-to-lower thigh caudally, and the external genitalia through to the perineum posteriorly * Draping: exposure of the ipsilateral anterior superior iliac spine, pubic tubercle, and scrotum is required. * '''Incision:''' ** '''Transverse, overlying the inguinal canal,''' following lines of Langer (use the hair follicles as a guide), typically 3-5 cm i...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:44, 19 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Non-Germ Cell Tumours & Tumours of the Testicular Adnexa (Created page with "== Non-germ cell testicular tumours == * Non-Germ Cell Tumours comprise 5% of testicular tumours (95% are of Germ Cell Tumours) === '''Sex-cord stromal tumours''' === * '''Refers to neoplasms containing Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, granulosa cells, or thecal cells.''' * '''≈90% are benign, 10% are malignant''' ** '''Presence of metastatic disease is the only reliable criterion for establishing malignancy''' *** Most frequent metastatic sites are the retroperitoneum...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 16:03, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Germ Cell Tumours (Created page with "== Background == * '''95% of testicular tumours are Germ Cell Tumours (GCTs)''' ** 5% of testicular tumours are non-germ cell tumours such as sex-cord stromal tumours, adenocarcinoma of the rete testis, and lymphoma * '''95% of GCTs originate in the testicle''' ** '''5% of GCTs originate outside the testicle i.e. primary extra-gonadal GCT''' == Epidemiology == * '''Incidence''' ** '''Relatively rare''' ** Estimated incidence *** Worldwide 2020: 74,458 (compared to 1,4...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:45, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Penile Tumours (Created page with "===== Benign Tumours ===== * '''Pearly penile papules''' ** '''Also known as papillomas''' ** '''Normal and generally found on the glans penis or corona''' ** Insert figure * '''Zoon balanitis''' ** '''Also called plasma cell balanitis''' and balanitis plasmacellularis ** '''Occurs in uncircumcised men from the 3rd decade onward''' ** '''Appearance: smooth, moist, erythematous, well-circumscribed plaques on the glans penis; shallow erosions are often present and lesions...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:35, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Segemental ureterectomy (Created page with "== Proximal or mid-ureter == * '''Achieving a clear margin and still being able to mobilize enough well-vascularized ureter to perform a tension-free anastomosis is paramount to the success of this procedure and the major limiting challenge''' * '''Technique''' ** Position: full or modified flank position ** Incision: flank incision from the tip of the 12th rib provides access to the proximal ureter or mid-ureter. ** Summary of Steps: *** With use of an extraperitoneal...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:34, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Nephroureterectomy (Created page with "== Approach == * Options: open, laparoscopic, or robotic ** Most UTUC are not large or bulky. Thus, minimally-invasive approach is ideal, at least for the renal portion of radical nephroureterectomy when the tumor warrants removal of the entire renal unit. == Pre-operative Preparation == * Hold/bridge anticoagulation medications prior to surgery == Open Nephroureterectomy with Bladder Cuff Excision == * '''Position:''' ** '''Supine or in modified flank position.'''...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:16, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy (Created page with "== Videos == * Laparoscopic transperitoneal left radical nephrectomy (Dr. Renaud Bollens) * Laparoscopic transperitoneal left radical nephrectomy (Dr. Renaud Bollens, alternate) * Laparoscopic transperitoneal left radical nephrectomy (not narrated) * Laparoscopic transperitoneal right radical nephrectomy (Dr. Renaud Bollens) == Contraindications == # '''Contraindications to laparoscopic surgery''' # '''History of extensive abdominal or pelvic surgery''' # '''Morbid ob...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:15, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Robotic Partial Nephrectomy (Created page with "== Contraindications == # '''Contraindications to laparoscopic surgery''' # '''History of extensive abdominal or pelvic surgery''' # '''Morbid obesity''' # '''Extremely large tumor''' == Advantages to robotic approach == * Reduced blood loss, less pain, and shorter hospital stays == Pre-operative Preparation == * Hold/bridge anticoagulation medications prior to surgery == Steps of procedure == * '''Position:''' 75° ipsilateral (tumor side up) lateral decubitus. F...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:14, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Robotic Radical Nephrectomy (Created page with "== Contraindications == # '''Contraindications to laparoscopic surgery''' # '''History of extensive abdominal or pelvic surgery''' # '''Morbid obesity''' # '''Extremely large tumor''' == Advantages to robotic approach == * Reduced blood loss, less pain, and shorter hospital stays == Pre-operative Preparation == * Hold/bridge anticoagulation medications prior to surgery == Steps of procedure == * '''Position:''' 75° ipsilateral (tumor side up) lateral decubitus. F...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 14:09, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Open Kidney Surgery (Created page with "== Pre-operative evaluation == * '''History and Physical Exam''' ** History *** For cigarette smokers planned for surgery, if time permits, a 4- to 6-week preoperative smoking cessation program has been shown to reduce postoperative complications. * '''Labs''' ** '''All patients (3):''' **# '''Urinalysis +/- urine culture''' **# '''Serum creatinine''' **# '''Hemoglobin''' *** '''Patients with GFR <60 mL/min or significant proteinuria are at increased risk of requiring d...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 13:48, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Benign Kidney Tumours (Created page with "'''Includes 2017 CUA Guideline on Cystic Renal Lesions''' == Renal Cysts == * '''Most common benign renal lesion''' * Increase in size and number over time * '''Pathogenesis''' ** '''Develop within renal tubules''' by pathogenetic processes that involve cellular proliferation, accumulation of tubule fluid within distended cavities, and remodelling of extracellular matrix§ ** '''Risk factors for renal cysts (4):''' **# '''Increasing age''' **# '''Male gender''' **# '''...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 13:37, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Non-RCC Renal Malignancies (Created page with "== Sarcomas of the kidney == * Represent 1-2% of all malignant renal tumors in adults * Peak incidence in the 5th decade of life * Renal sarcoma is less common but more lethal than sarcoma of any other genitourinary site * '''Leiomyosarcoma is the most common histologic subtype of renal sarcoma''' * Differentiation of renal sarcoma from sarcomatoid RCC is often difficult on the basis of clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and, in some cases, pathologic analysi...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 13:35, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Advanced Kidney Cancer (Created page with "'''INCLUDES 2019 CUA Advanced Kidney Cancer Consensus Statement, 2019 CUA Cytoreductive Nephrectomy Consensus Statement''' == Prognostic factors in advanced RCC == * '''2 prognostic models have been developed: Motzer and Heng criteria''' === '''Motzer criteria''' === * '''Developed in''' 463 '''patients with advanced kidney cancer (stage IV) of any histology treated with interferon (IFN)-α as the first-line systematic therapy'''§ * '''Variables significantly associ...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 13:29, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Management of Localized and Locally Advanced Disease (Created page with "'''INCLUDES 2014 CUA Surgical Management of RCC Consensus Statement, 2021 AUA Renal Mass and Localized RCC Guidelines, 2018 CUA Adjuvant Therapy After Nephrectomy Consensus Statement, 2018 CUA Guidelines on Follow-up After Treatment of Non-metastatic RCC, 2019 CUA Advanced Kidney Cancer Consensus Statement''' == '''Management of Localized (cT1-2) Renal Cell Carcinoma''' == * '''Options:''' *# '''Active surveillance (AS)/expectant management''' *# '''Thermal ablation (T...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 13:06, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Diagnosis and Evaluation of Kidney Cancer (Created page with "'''Includes 2013 CUA Guidelines on Genetic Screening for Hereditary Renal Cell Cancers and parts from 2014 CUA Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma Consensus Statement and 2021 AUA Renal Mass and Localized RCC Guidelines''' == Recommended investigations in patients with suspected RCC == === UrologySchool.com Summary === * '''History and physical exam''' * '''Labs:''' ** '''CUA: CBC, Cr, AST/ALT (markers of liver dysfunction), ALP, corrected calcium (markers of...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 12:51, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page TNM staging of Kidney Cancer (Created page with "== T staging == * '''TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed''' * '''T0 No evidence of primary tumor''' * '''T1''' ** '''T1a: Tumor ≤ 4.0 cm and confined to the kidney''' ** '''T1b: Tumor > 4.0 cm and ≤ 7.0 cm and confined to the kidney''' * '''T2''' ** '''T2a: Tumor > 7.0 cm and ≤ 10.0 cm and confined to the kidney''' ** '''T2b: Tumor > 10.0 cm and confined to the kidney''' * '''T3''' ** '''T3a: Tumor''' **# '''Grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental bra...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 12:50, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pathology and Familial Syndromes of Kidney Cancer (Created page with "== Classification of renal masses == === Abbreviated 2016 WHO Classification of renal neoplasms === {| class="wikitable" | * '''Renal cell tumours (16)''' ** Clear cell renal cell carcinoma ** Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential ** Papillary renal cell carcinoma ** Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma associated renal cell carcinoma ** Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma ** Collecting duct carcinoma ** Renal medullary carcinoma ** Mi...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:02, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Category:Kidney Cancer (Created page with "This page contains the links to content related to Kidney Cancer Suggested order of reading *[https://test.urologyschool.com/Epidemiology%20and%20Pathogenesis%20of%20Kidney%20Cancer Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Kidney Cancer] *Pathology and Familial Syndromes of Kidney Cancer *TNM staging of Kidney Cancer *Diagnosis and Evaluation of Kidney Cancer *Management of Localized and Locally Advanced Disease *Advanced Kidney Cancer *Non-RCC Renal Malignancies *Benign Kidney...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 10:00, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Kidney Cancer (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Incidence & Mortality ** Many databases include upper tract urothelial carcinoma with kidney cancer and therefore independent incidence of kidney cancer cannot be assessed *** GLOBOCAN includes ICD-9 C65 - "Malignant neoplasm of renal pelvis" with kidney cancer ** Incidence rates are higher in developed countries *** Likely due to increased use of diagnostic imaging ** USA (2021) *** Includes renal pelvis cancers *** Estimated mortality 13,780 *** E...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:49, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Orthotopic Urinary Diversion (Created page with "== Background == * Ureterosigmoidostomy is the oldest form of urinary diversion. * Urinary diversion has developed along 3 paths: a conduit form of diversion, continent cutaneous diversion, and most recently orthotopic diversion. * '''Orthotopic neobladder''' ** '''Most closely resembles the original bladder in both location and function.''' ** '''Relies on the intact external rhabdosphincter continence mechanism''' ** Avoids the difficulties associated with the efferen...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:34, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Intestinal Segments and Urinary Diversion (Created page with "== Surgical Anatomy == === '''Stomach''' === * Vascular organ * '''Arterial blood supply''' ** '''Primarily from 3 branches of the celiac trunk''' **# '''Left gastric artery''' **#* Supplies the lesser curvature **# '''Hepatic artery''' **#* '''Gives off the right gastric artery''', which also supplies the lesser curve of the stomach, '''and the gastroduodenal artery''', which supplies the antrum and duodenum '''before giving off the right gastroepiploic artery'''. **#...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:31, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Cystectomy (Created page with "== Radical Cystectomy == * '''Includes excision of perivesical soft tissue and:''' ** '''Males (2):''' **# '''Prostate''' **# '''Seminal vesicles''' ** '''Females (4)''' **# '''Ovaries''' **# '''Fallopian tubes''' **# '''Uterus with cervix''' **# '''Anterior vagina''' ** In male patients, a nerve-sparing procedure can be safely offered to select patients interested in preserving sexual function. ** In female patients, a female organ sparing (i.e. uterus, ovaries and/or...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:25, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (Created page with "== 2021 CUA NMIBC Guidelines: Checklist for high-quality TURBT§ == * '''Cystoscopy (3):''' *# '''Provide detailed description of urethra, bladder walls, and lesions (number, size, appearance, suspicion for concurrent / primary CIS)''' *# '''Report visual impression of clinical stage and grade''' *# '''Collect washing or voided urine cytology if not previously obtained.''' * '''TURBT (10):''' *# '''Completely resect all visible tumours and suspicious areas;''' *# '''Sen...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:21, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Benign Bladder Tumours (Created page with "# '''Epithelial metaplasia''' #* '''Squamous metaplasia''' #** Often has a '''knobby appearance''' and is covered by '''white, flaky,''' '''easily disrupted material lying on the trigone'''. #** '''≈40% of women''' and 5% of men '''have squamous metaplasia of the bladder, which is usually related to infection, trauma, or surgery; a normal finding in premenopausal females''' #* '''Glandular metaplasia''' #** '''Appears as clumps of raised red areas that appear inflammat...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:20, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Non-Urothelial Bladder Cancer (Created page with "== Small cell carcinoma of the bladder == * '''Type of neuroendocrine histology''' * '''Should be considered and treated as metastatic disease, even if there is no radiologic evidence of disease outside the bladder''' * In general, primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder is '''very chemosensitive''' * '''Primary mode of therapy is chemoradiation therapy; chemotherapy and radical cystectomy is an option with similar survival''' (5-year CSS 16% chemoradiation vs. 18%...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:16, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Unresectable Locally Advanced and Metastatic Bladder Cancer (Created page with "'''Includes 2019 CUA Consensus Statement on Management of cT4b and / or cN1-3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder''' == Metastatic bladder cancer == * '''Most common sites of metastasis: bone, liver, lung''' * '''Non-local regional recurrences after radical cystectomy for localized disease are reflective of the presence of micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and treatment''' == 2019 Consensus Statement on Management of locally advanced and metastatic urot...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:14, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Created page with "'''See 2017 AUA MIBC Guideline Notes and 2019 CUA MIBC Guideline Notes''' == Presentation == * '''≈75-80% of patients will present with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and ≈20-25% will present with MIBC; ≈20% will progress to MIBC after an initial diagnosis of NMIBC''' ** '''Patients initially with NMIBC who progress to MIBC have been found to have a worse prognosis than patients initially presenting with MIBC''' == Prognosis == * Highly lethal; 85%...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:10, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Diagnosis and Evaluation of Bladder Cancer (Created page with "== Diagnosis and evaluation of suspected bladder cancer == === '''UrologySchool.com Summary''' === * '''History and Physical exam''' * '''Imaging: contrast-enhanced CT''' * '''Labs: urine cytology'''§ * '''Other:''' ** '''Cystoscopy''' === '''History and Physical exam''' === * '''History''' ** '''Hematuria''' *** '''Gross, painless hematuria is the primary symptom in 85% of patients with a newly diagnosed bladder tumor''' **** '''Microscopic hematuria occurs in virt...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:06, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pathology and TNM Staging of Bladder Cancer (Created page with "== Pathology of Bladder Cancer == * '''Histology''' ** '''90% urothelial carcinoma''' *** '''The term urothelial cancer is preferable to the term transitional cell cancer''' ** '''2-5% squamous cell carcinomas''' *** More common in women, spinal-cord injury patients, chronic irritation (UTI, stones) ** '''Other variants''' *** '''2% adenocarcinoma''' **** '''Majority represent metastases from other primary adenocarcinomas such as colon, breast, or lung cancers.''' *****...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 09:04, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Bladder Cancer (Created page with "== Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer == * Incidence ** 10th most common cancer worldwide§ *** Incidence highest in developed countries **** Accounts for 7% of all cancers diagnosed in the USA **** 5th most common cancer overall in Canada ***** 2020 estimated incidence: 12,200 diagnosed with bladder cancer§ * Mortality ** 2020 estimated mortality in Canada: 2,600 deaths from bladder cancer§ ** Rate decreased by 5% since 1990, primarily because of smoking cessation, chang...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:49, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Urothelial Cancer of the Prostate (Created page with "== Background == * '''90% of cases of urothelial carcinoma of the prostate occur in patients with a history of urothelial cancer of the bladder, primarily bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS)''' ** '''However, only 3% patients with primary urothelial cancer of the bladder develop prostatic urothelial carcinoma''' *** '''In males undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer, 40% will be found to have urothelial carcinoma of the prostate''' **** '''In patients undergoin...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:43, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer (Created page with "'''See 2021 CUA CRPC Guideline Notes''' '''See 2020 AUA Advanced Prostate Cancer Guideline Notes''' '''Includes 2021 CUA CRPC Guidelines''' == Background == * '''Treatment with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) almost always leads to resistance to ADT''' (i.e., cancer progression despite castrate levels of serum testosterone i.e. castrate-resistent prostate cancer) ** '''Follow-up in patients treated with ADT''' **# '''PSA''' **# '''Imaging (bone scan and CT scan)''...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:27, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (Created page with "<nowiki>*****</nowiki>These notes provide an overview of the treatments in metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer. For notes on selecting treatment for metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer, please see the '''2020 CUA Guideline Notes on Metastatic Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer*****''' == Background == * Incidence of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) has been increasing in recent years * Previously, ADT was the only treatment optio...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:21, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Hormonal Therapy (Created page with "'''Includes 2021 CUA Guidelines on Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Adverse Events and Management Strategies'''§ == Testosterone == * '''See section in Male Reproductive Physiology Chapter Notes''' == Androgens and the Prostate == * '''The primary androgen of the prostate is dihydrotestosterone (DHT)''' * '''Testosterone is converted to DHT by 5α-reductase''' ** '''Type 1 5α-reductase is expressed primarily in the non-genital skin and liver, and to a lesser extent in...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 08:03, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Biochemical Recurrence (Created page with " ===== '''Biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy''' ===== * '''Definition (AUA/ASTRO) of biochemical/PSA recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy: PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL with a second confirmatory laboratory value'''§ ** '''Detectable and rising PSA is usually the earliest evidence of tumor recurrence after radical prostatectomy''' *** '''This rising PSA normally precedes clinically meaningful events in an extremely protracted and variable manner.''' (see Po...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 07:51, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Management of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (Created page with "== Background == * '''Definition of locally advanced prostate cancer: stage ≥T3NX/+M0''' * Men with locally advanced disease, are at significant risk of disease progression and cancer-specific death if left untreated. * Fewer men are presenting with locally advanced prostate cancer due to screening == Management of locally advanced prostate cancer == * '''Currently, no consensus regarding the optimal management of locally advanced prostate cancer''' * '''Options wi...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 07:46, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Radiotherapy (Created page with "'''*****See Radiation Section in Management of Localized Disease in Prostate Cancer Chapter Notes'''***** == Hypofractionation == * '''Reduces the overall treatment course by delivering higher doses per fraction'''. ** '''The full dose of radiation is usually divided into a number of smaller doses called fractions''' *** Fractionated radiotherapy has been used since the early days of radiation, when it was found that cure could be achieved with less normal tissue injur...") Tag: Visual edit
  • 07:40, 17 December 2021 Urology4all talk contribs created page Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy (Created page with "== Contraindications == # '''Contraindications to laparoscopic surgery''' # '''History of extensive abdominal or pelvic surgery''' # '''Morbid obesity''' # '''Extremely large prostate''' == Pre-operative preparation == * Encourage pre-operative Kegel exercises, three times a day * Discuss sperm preservation in young patients who might consider fathering children == Steps of procedure == * '''Position: supine (Xi) or dorsal lithotomy''' '''(Si)''', Trendelenburg (hea...") Tag: Visual edit
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