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Combined display of all available logs of UrologySchool.com. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).

• 12:40, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Cancer Care Ontario: MRI in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (2017) (Created page with " '''See Original Guideline''' '''See MRI in Prostate Cancer Chapter Notes''' ===== Background ===== * mpMRI examination combines imaging features from at least three of the following data sets: T2-weighted imaging * (T2WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (DCE-MRI), and proton spectroscopy (MRSI). ===== Recommendations ===== * '''In patients with an elevated risk of clinically significant prostate cancer (according to...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:39, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page CUA: Testosterone Suppression (2018) (Created page with " '''See Original Guideline''' ===== Benefit of low testosterone during androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) ===== * See Hormonal Therapy Chapter Notes * ADT is the standard first-line treatment for men with recurrent or metastatic prostate cancer. * Studies have consistently demonstrated the clinical benefit and importance of greater testosterone suppression during ADT. ** The largest trial (PR-7) enrolled 626 patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:38, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page CUA: Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Adverse Events & Management (2021) (Created page with "'''See Original Guidelines''' ===== *****All of the content below is included in the more comprehensive Hormonal Therapy Chapter Notes***** ===== * Guidelines are relevant with literature up to December 2020 ===== '''Complications of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)''' ===== * See Complications of Androgen Ablation section in Hormonal Therapy Chapter Notes * '''COACH Wants BDSM From Montreal (9)''' *# '''Cardiovascular disease''' *# '''Osteoporosis''' *# '''Anemia'...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:37, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page CUA: Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer (2021) (Created page with "'''See Original Guideline''' '''See 2020 AUA Advanced Prostate Cancer Guideline Notes''' '''See CRPC Chapter Notes''' ===== *****All of the content below is included in the more comprehensive CRPC Chapter Notes***** ===== ===== '''Management''' ===== * '''UrologySchool.com Summary''' ** '''General principles''' *** '''Whenever possible, clinical trials should remain the first choice in patients with CRPC.''' *** '''ADT should be continued''' ** '''Non-metastatic CRP...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:28, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA & CUA: Vasectomy (AUA 2015, CUA 2016) (Created page with "'''See Original AUA Guideline''' '''See Original CUA Guideline''' ===== '''Background''' ===== * Vasectomy is the 4th most commonly-used method of contraception (condoms most common followed by oral contraceptives for women, then tubal ligation) * Vasectomy is simpler, faster, safer, less expensive, and equally effective as tubal ligation, another method of permanent contraception. It is among most the cost-effective of ALL methods of contraception, 1/4th cost of tuba...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:25, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Male Urethral Stricture (2016) (Created page with " '''See Original Guideline''' ===== '''Background''' ===== * '''See Urethral Anatomy Chapter Notes''' * '''“Urethral stricture” is the preferred term for any abnormal narrowing of the anterior urethra''', which is surrounded by the corpus spongiosum; urethral strictures are associated with varying degrees of spongiofibrosis. ** '''Narrowing of the posterior urethra, which lacks surrounding spongiosum, is referred to as a “stenosis.”''' ===== '''Risk Factors''...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:24, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Urotrauma (2020) (Created page with " '''Link to Original AUA Guideline''' (literature search up to February 2020) '''*****All information below contained in more comprehensive Trauma: Upper Urinary Tract and Trauma: Lower Urinary Tract Notes''' ===== '''Renal Trauma''' ===== * '''The kidneys are particularly prone to deceleration injuries (e.g. falls, motor vehicle collisions) because they are fixed in space only by the renal pelvis and the vascular pedicle''' * '''Diagnosis and Evaluation''' ** '''His...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:22, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Stone Surgery (2016) (Created page with " '''See Original AUA Guideline''' '''See See 2019 AUA Guideline on Evaluation and Medical Management of Stones Notes''' '''See See 2016 CUA Guideline on Evaluation and Medical Management of Stones Notes''' * This Guideline includes revisions of the previously published AUA Guidelines titled ‘Staghorn Calculi (2005)’ and ‘Ureteral Calculi (2007)’ and is expanded to incorporate the management of patients with non-staghorn renal stones ===== '''Investigations p...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:20, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Evaluation and Medical Management of Stones (2019) (Created page with " '''See Original AUA Guidelines''' '''See 2016 CUA Guideline Notes on Evaluation and Medical Management of Stones''' ===== Diagnosis and Evaluation ===== * '''Screening evaluation in a patient newly diagnosed with kidney or ureteral stones:''' *# '''History and Physical Exam''' *# '''Laboratory (5)''' *## '''Urinalysis +/- culture''' *## '''Serum electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, HCO3)''' *## '''Serum calcium''' *## '''Serum creatinine''' *## '''Serum uric acid''' ** '''Same...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:19, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Vesicoureteral Reflux (2017) (Created page with " '''See Original Guideline''' ===== '''Background''' ===== * '''The presence of VUR can be confirmed by performing a VCUG or radionuclide cystography''' * '''VUR grading''' ** '''Grade I: reflux limited to the ureter''' ** '''Grade II: reflux up to the renal pelvis''' ** '''Grade III: mild dilatation of ureter and pelvicalyceal system''' ** '''Grade IV:''' *** '''Tortuous ureter with moderate dilatation''' *** '''Blunting of fornices but preserved papillary impression...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:17, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA & CUA Recurrent UTI (2019) (Created page with " '''See Original Guideline''' ===== '''Background''' ===== * ≈60% of women will experience at least 1 symptomatic episode of acute bacterial cystitis in their lifetime. Of these, 20-40% will experience at least 1 other episode, of which 25-50% of whom will experience multiple recurrent episodes. * '''Diagnosis of acute bacterial cystitis requires (2):''' *# '''Laboratory confirmation of significant bacteriuria AND''' *# '''Acute-onset symptoms (LUTS).''' ** In this...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:16, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Female SUI (2017) (Created page with " '''See Original Guideline''' ===== '''Definitions''' ===== * '''Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI): symptom of urinary leakage due to increased abdominal pressure, which can be caused by activities such as sneezing, coughing, exercise, lifting, and position change.''' ** '''Intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD): often defined as an abdominal leak point pressure <60 cm H20''' '''or a maximal urethral closure pressure <20 cm H20,''' often in the face of minimal urethral...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:14, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Incontinence after Prostate Therapy (2019) (Created page with "'''See Male SUI Surgery Chapter Notes''' ===== Background ===== * '''Incontinence after prostate therapy (IPT) is caused by damage to the striated muscle and nerve fibers of the voluntary (striated) urethral sphincter''' ** The term “incontinence after prostate treatment” is used in this guideline over the familiar term “post-prostatectomy incontinence” because it is more inclusive and covers men who have incontinence after undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP)...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:12, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA & CUA Mesh Position Statement (2019) (Created page with "'''See Original 2019 CUA Statement and Original 2019 AUA Statement''' Includes content from 2017 CUA Statement on Mesh ===== '''Transvaginal mesh for female SUI''' ===== * In transvaginal synthetic mesh midurethral sling procedures, surgeons place a long narrow strip of mesh under the urethra in a tension free manner using trocars passed via the retropubic or transobturator route * Suburethral synthetic polypropylene mesh sling placement is the most common surgery cur...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:11, 11 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page AUA: Surgical Management of LUTS due to BPH (2018) (Created page with "'''See Original Guidelines [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384237/ Part 1] & [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384236/ Part 2]''' '''See CUA Male LUTS/BPH Guidelines 2018''' ===== Background ===== * Prevalence of BPH is 60% at age 60, 80% at age 80 * The enlarged gland has been proposed to contribute to male LUTS via at least 2 routes: ** Direct BOO/BPO from enlarged tissue (static component) ** Increased smooth muscle tone and resistance within the enlarged gland...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:08, 9 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page File:Femoral triangle.png
• 13:08, 9 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs uploaded File:Femoral triangle.png
• 12:27, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Infertility: Surgical Management (Created page with "== Surgical anatomy == * '''See Epididymis Anatomy''' * '''Anatomy of the Excurrent Ducts''' ** '''Sperm and testicular fluid exit the testes through efferent ducts. These ducts become convoluted when they exit the testes and form the caput of the epididymis'''. At that level, they freely anastomose with one another. '''They all coalesce at the distal caput to form a single epididymal tubule''' '''from the caput-corpus junction all the way to the vas deferens.''' *** ''...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:24, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Infertility: Nonsurgical Management (Created page with "'''See 2015 CUA Azoospermia Guideline Notes''' == General Principles'''§''' == * Counsel infertile men or men with abnormal semen parameters of the health risks associated with abnormal sperm production. ** 1-6% of men have undiagnosed medical diseases at the time of an infertility evaluation ** Cancer *** Abnormal semen parameters associated with increased rsk of testicular cancer. ** Mortality *** Abnormal semen parameters associated with increased rsk of mortality....") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:22, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Infections: Clostridium Difficile Infection (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Incidence is increasing with a preponderance of the NAP1 hypervirulent strain of C. difficile found in recent epidemics. ** The NAP1 strain is more likely to cause severe and fulminant colitis, characterized by marked leukocytosis, renal failure, hemodynamic instability, and toxic megacolon. ** It is believed the NAP1 strain arose due to the widespread use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. == Management == * '''Options:''' *# '''Oral vancomycin (mor...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:21, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome & Prostatitis, Orchitis, & Epididymitis (Created page with "== Prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) == === Epidemiology of prostatitis/CPPS === * '''Most common urologic diagnosis in men age < 50 and the 3rd most common urologic diagnosis in men age > 50 (after BPH and prostate cancer)''' * '''Prevalence ≈7% in men age > 18''' * Prostatitis accounts for 6-8% of outpatient visits from men to urologists === Histopathology === * '''Prostatitis''' ** '''Defined as an increased number of inflammatory cells within...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:15, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Urinary Fistulae (Created page with "== Background == * '''Definition of fistula: an extra-anatomic communication between two or more epithelial- or mesothelial-lined body cavities or the skin surface''' * '''Management principles''' ** '''Factors to consider in the initial approach to urinary fistula and in those patients in whom primary therapy has failed (8) Fistula TO MIIND:''' **# '''Presence of a Foreign body''' **# '''Technical surgical problems''' **# '''Urinary Obstruction; remove or bypass distal...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:10, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Aging and Geriatric Urology (Created page with "== Beers Criteria == * The risk of medication-related side effects is higher in older adult population due to changes in physiologic function with age or disease * The American Geriatrics Society has published the Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) Use in Older Adults, several of which are frequently used in urology such as alpha-blockers, anti-cholinergics, and nitrofurantoin ** The goal of the Beers Criteria is to improve the effectiveness a...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:09, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Neuromodulation (Created page with "===== Background ===== * '''Neurostimulation:''' the use of electrical stimuli on nerves and muscles to '''achieve immediate clinical responses''' in neurogenic conditions of pelvic organ dysfunction * '''Neuromodulation:''' the use of electrical stimuli on nerves to '''alter neurotransmission processes in non-neurogenic and neurogenic conditions''' ===== '''Neurophysiology of Electrical Stimulation For Storage And Emptying Disorders''' ===== * '''The acquired and uni...") Tag: Visual edit
• 12:00, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Surgery for Male SUI (Created page with "'''See 2019 AUA Incontinence after Prostate Therapy Guideline Notes''' == Pathogenesis of Male SUI == * '''Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) develops only in men with concomitant internal and external sphincter impairment''' ** '''Causes of internal sphincter incompetence:''' *** Pelvic surgery *** Bladder neck injury *** Specific sympathetic neuropathic dysfunction *** Embryologic disruption ** '''Causes of external sphincter incompetence:''' **# '''Radical prostatect...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:55, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Mesh Complications (Created page with "See 2019 CUA/AUA Mesh Statement == Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery == * The current standard of surgical repair for the treatment of prolapse of the pelvic organs is a mesh suspension of the prolapse to the sacral promontory (sacrocolpopexy). * Mesh was adopted to augment native tissue repair to improve objective outcomes ** '''The most widely used products are made of polypropylene because this material has demonstrated significantly fewer morbid complications compared...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:54, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Slings for Female SUI (Created page with "'''See 2017 AUA Female SUI Guideline Notes''' == Female Stress Urinary Incontinence == * Early theories regarding the cause of SUI were focused on the unequal transmission of pressure to the bladder and urethra, urethral hypermobility, and the abnormal inferior location of the urethra. Later theories '''(integral theory) emphasized the importance of 3 separate components that support the proximal and midurethra:''' *# '''Pubourethral ligaments''' *# '''Suburethral vagi...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:40, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Pharmacological Management of LUTS (Created page with "== Pharmacologic therapy to facilitate bladder storage == === Background === * '''Detrusor muscle contracts in response to stimulation of muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine''' and by electric stimulation of intrinsic cholinergic nerves. ** Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine (Ach) ** This Ach acts on nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons on the bladder ** In response to this Ach, '''post-ganglionic parasympathetic neu...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:10, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Neurogenic LUT Dysfunction (Created page with "'''See 2019 CUA NLUTD Guideline Notes''' ===== '''Classification of Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract''' ===== * '''Classified based on location of disease: suprapontine, spinal, sacral/infrasacral''' {| class="wikitable" |'''Location of lesion''' |'''History''' |'''PVR''' |'''Urodynamics''' |'''Sphincter''' |- |'''Suprapontine''' |'''Predominantly storage symptoms''' |'''Insignificant''' | * '''Detrusor overactivity''' |'''Normal''' |- |'''Spinal (...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:04, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Nocturia (Created page with "== Background == * '''Definition of nocturia: voiding that is preceded and followed by sleep''' ** '''Definition does not take into account the patient’s degree of bother''' ** '''≥2 voids per night appears to be clinically significant''' * Prevalence increases with age in both men and women * '''Associated with:''' ** '''Decreased survival''' ** '''Decreased quality of life''' ** '''Decreased''' '''sleep efficiency and sleep latency''' *** Sleep efficiency: actual...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:02, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Overactive Bladder (Created page with "'''See 2017 CUA OAB Guideline Notes''' == Terminology and definitions == * '''Definition of urgency: the complaint of a sudden compelling desire to void that is difficult to defer''' * '''Definition of urgency urinary incontinence (UUI):''' '''involuntary leakage of urine, accompanied or immediately preceded by urgency''' * '''Definition of increased daytime frequency: subjective complaint by the patient who considers that he or she voids too often by day''' * '''Defin...") Tag: Visual edit
• 11:00, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Created page with "== Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) == * '''Categorized according to the affected compartment:''' ** '''Anterior compartment prolapse: weakness of the anterior vaginal wall often associated with the descent of the bladder (cystocele)''' ** '''Posterior compartment prolapse: weakness of the posterior vaginal segment often associated with bulging of the rectum into the vagina (rectocele) but can include the small intestine (enterocele).''' ** '''Apical prolapse: descent of the...") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:57, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Urinary Incontinence (Created page with "'''See 2017 AUA Female SUI Guideline Notes, 2019 AUA Incontinence after Prostate Therapy Guideline Notes 2017 CUA OAB Guideline Notes, and 2019 AUA OAB Guidelines''' == Physiology of Urinary Continence == * '''Male Sphincteric Mechanisms''' ** '''The internal sphincter extending from the bladder neck to the distal verumontanum contributes to continence.''' *** '''Loss of external sphincter function, such as with traumatic pelvic injury, may not result in incontinence i...") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:56, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Urodynamics (Created page with "'''See 2019 CUA NLUTD Guideline Notes, 2017 CUA OAB Guideline Notes, and 2019 AUA OAB Guidelines''' == Terminology == * '''Physiologic filling rate (mL/min): filling rate < predicted maximum (body weight (kg)/4)''' * Non-physiologic filling rate: filling rate > predicted maximum * Cystometrography (CMG): method by which the pressure/volume relationship of the bladder is measured during filling ** '''The detrusor pressure is calculated indirectly by measuring the total...") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:50, 4 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional: Pathophysiology and Classification of LUT Dysfunction (Created page with "== Normal Lower Urinary Tract Function == * '''Bladder filling and urine storage requires:''' *# '''Accommodation of increasing volumes of urine at a low detrusor pressure (normal compliance) and with appropriate sensation''' *# '''A bladder outlet that is closed at rest and remains so during increases in intra-abdominal pressure''' *# '''Absence of involuntary bladder contractions (detrusor overactivity [DO])''' * '''Bladder emptying/voiding requires:''' *# '''Coordina...") Tag: Visual edit
• 10:39, 1 November 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Bladder Diverticulae (Created page with "== Background == * '''Definition of a bladder diverticulum: subjectively large herniation of the bladder urothelium through the muscularis propria of the bladder wall''' * '''Continuum that includes cellules and saccules.''' ** Cellules and saccules represent small outpouchings between hypertrophied bands of bladder muscle, with '''saccules generally being larger than cellules'''. However, there are no universally agreed upon minimum size requirements that distinguish c...") Tag: Visual edit
• 07:00, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Female Urethral Diverticulae (Created page with "== Background == * '''Definition of female urethral diverticulum: a variably sized''' (few mm to several cm) '''urine-filled periurethral cystic structure adjacent to the urethra within the confines of the pelvic fascia, connected to the urethra via an ostium''' == Epidemiology == * Prevalence: unknown; reported in up to 1-6% of adult females in some series * Majority of patients present between the 3rd-7th decade of life == Classification == * '''Classified as cong...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:58, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Anomalies of the Kidneys (Created page with "== Renal Embryology == * '''Embryonic kidneys in order of their appearance:''' *# '''Pronephros''' *#* Develops late in the 3rd week, and it '''completely regresses''' by the start of the 5th week *# '''Mesonephros''' *#* '''Regresses partially by the 4th month''' *#** '''In males, the mesonephric tubules become the efferent ductules that serve as a link between the testicle and the mesonephric/Wolffian duct (WD) structures''' (the body and tail of the epididymis and va...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:55, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Surgery of the Ureter (Created page with "== Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UJPO) == * '''See Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction Chapter Notes''' * Hydronephrosis in children, defined by an anteroposterior intrarenal pelvis diameter of 12 mm, differs from that seen later in life and is not necessarily synonymous with true obstruction * '''Classified in children as congenital/primary vs. acquired/secondary''' ** '''Congenital/primary UPJO''' *** '''Typically due to either:''' **** '''Intrinsi...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:54, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Ectopic ureter, Ureterocele, and Ureteral Anomalies (Created page with "== Embryology == * '''Dysplasia is the product of inadequate ureteric bud-to-blastema interaction''' == Duplex kidney == * '''Definition of duplex kidney: a kidney with two ureters/collecting systems''' * '''Most common congenital renal anomaly''' * '''Pathogenesis''' ** '''Due to 2 separate ureteral buds on one side that induce upper and lower renal moieties.''' *** '''The ureteral bud is derived from the Wolffian duct''' *** '''If a single bud divides close to its o...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:51, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Vesicoureteral Reflux (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * '''Age''' ** '''The younger the child with UTI, the greater is the likelihood of discovering VUR''' *** '''In children undergoing cystography for various indications, ≈30% for children with UTI and 17% without infection were found to have VUR''' *** In contrast, VUR may be present in up to 70% of infants who present clinically with UTI *** '''The majority of reflux detected later in life occurs in females; relatively uncommon in adult males''' **...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:44, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Bladder Anomalies (Created page with "== Background == * Bladder anomalies are often due to infravesical obstruction or part of a more serious disorder rather than a true isolated structural malformation == Bladder and Urachal Development == * The obliterated urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament and connects the apex of the bladder with the umbilicus * '''Normal Antenatal Sonographic Findings of the Bladder''' ** The bladder can be visualized in ≈50% of cases in the fetal pelvis at the 10th wee...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:41, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Prune-Belly Syndrome (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Incidence: 1 in 29,000-40,000 live births, similar to that of bladder exstrophy * '''95% of cases occur in males''' == Genetics == * '''Most have a normal karyotype''' ** '''An associated chromosomal abnormality is the exception rather than the rule''' == Diagnosis and Evaluation == * '''Clinical Features''' ** '''See CW12 Table 32.1/CW11 Table 140-1''' ** '''Broad spectrum of severity''', with some children not surviving the newborn period and...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:37, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Posterior Urethral Valves & Other Urethral Anomalies (Created page with "== Posterior Urethral Valves == === Background === * '''Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in infants''' ** '''In females, anatomic bladder obstruction is rare. The most common structural obstruction in females is from a ureterocele that prolapses into the bladder neck.''' * '''Classification''' ** '''Type 1 valves''' *** '''Most common variant of PUV''' *** '''Appear as leaflets that arise from the verumontanum and...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:27, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Pediatrics: Neuromuscular Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract (Created page with "See Functional: Neuromuscular Dsyfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract Chapter Notes == Causes of Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract == * '''Acquired''' ** '''Extensive pelvic surgery''' ** '''Central nervous system insults''' *** Cerebral palsy *** Conditions of the brain (tumors, infarcts, encephalopathies) *** Spinal cord insults **** Trauma **** Transverse myelitis * '''Congenital''' ** '''Sacral agenesis''' ** '''Anorectal malformations''' ** '''Sp...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:23, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract (Created page with "== Clinical Significance == * '''LUT dysfunction (LUTD), bladder and bowel dysfunction''', and the antiquated dysfunctional elimination syndrome, '''are terms that describe the common array of symptoms that include overactive bladder (OAB), voiding postponement, underactive bladder, dysfunctional voiding, primary bladder neck dysfunction, giggle incontinence, vaginal reflux, pollakiuria, and enuresis.''' == Epidemiology == * '''OAB is the most commonly encountered LUT...") Tag: Visual edit
• 06:18, 31 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page External Genital Anomalies in Boys (Created page with "== Normal Male External Genitalia == * '''Embryology''' ** '''At 9-13 weeks of gestation, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) simulates androgen receptors the''' **# '''Genital tubercle''' '''to differentiate into penis''' **# '''Urethral folds to differentiate into the corpus spongiosum/penile shaft''' **# '''Labioscrotal swellings to differentiate into scrotum''' **#* '''Also known as genital swellings or labioscrotal folds'''§ **# '''The male develops in a proximal-to-distal...") Tag: Visual edit
• 19:31, 30 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Undescended Testicle (Created page with "'''Includes 2017 CUA UDT Guidelines''' == Embryology of Testicular Development == * '''Differentiation of the Testis''' ** '''Gonads are first identified at 32 days (≈4.5 weeks)''' in humans. *** '''At this sexually indifferent stage, the gonads and the internal and external genitalia are identical in males and females.''' *** '''Gonadal determination involves separate genetic pathways for development of testis and ovary.''' **** '''SRY (sex-determining region on the...") Tag: Visual edit
• 19:25, 30 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Renal and Adrenal Oncology (Created page with "== Pediatric Abdominal Mass == * '''Differential diagnosis of pediatric abdominal mass (9):''' *# '''Hydronephrosis''' *# '''Neuroblastoma''' *#* '''Most common malignant tumour in infants''' *#* '''Most common extracranial solid tumour in children''' *# '''Wilms tumour''' *#* '''Most common primary malignant renal tumour in children''' *# '''Congenital mesoblastic nephroma''' *#* '''Most common renal tumour in infants'''§ *# '''Renal cell carcinoma''' *# '''Clear cell...") Tag: Visual edit
• 19:16, 30 October 2022 Urology4all talk contribs created page Bladder and Testis Oncology (Created page with "== Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) == * '''Epidemiology''' ** '''Most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children''' * '''Genetics''' ** Most cases are considered to be sporadic ** Genetic syndromes associated with RMS: *** Li-Fraumeni syndrome *** Neurofibromatosis *** Basal cell nevus syndrome *** Costello syndrome *** Noonan syndrome *** Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A * '''Pathology and molecular biology''' ** '''Histologic categories (3):''' **# '''Embryonal''' **#* '''Most...") Tag: Visual edit