Landmark studies

Oncology

Prostate Cancer

Prevention

• PCPT 2003 (Finasteride)
• SELECT 2009 (Selenium and Vitamin E)
• REDUCE 2010 (Dutasteride)

Screening

• PLCO 2008
• ERSPC 2009
• Goteburg 2010
• CAP 2018

Diagnosis and Evalutation

• MRI PROMIS 2017
• PRECISION 2018
• MRI-FIRST 2019
• ASIST 2019 (MRI in AS)
• STHLM3 NEJM 2021 (MRI-targetted vs. standard biopsy in prostate cancer screening)
• PET proPSMA 2020

PSA and Other Markers

• Stamey et al. NEJM 1987
• Catalona et al. NEJM 1991
• Catalona et al. J Urol 1994 (PSA vs. DRE detection in screening)
• Catalona et al. 1998 (%fPSA)

Prostate Biopsy

• Antibiotic Prophylaxis in TRUS Biopsy of the Prostate Cochrane Review 2011
• Rates of hospital admission and mortality after TRUS-biopsy J Urol 2013

Management of Localized Disease

Observation vs. Treatment of Prostate Cancer

• PIVOT NEJM 2012
• SPCG-4 NEJM 2014
• PROTECT NEJM 2016

Active surveillance

• REDEEM Lancet 2012 (dutasteride in AS progression)

Radical prostatectomy

• Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy

Radiation and ADT

• EORTC 22863 NEJM 1997 (EBRT +/- 3 years ADT)
• RTOG 86-10 (EBRT +/- 4 months ADT)
• RTOG 92-02
• EORTC 22961
• PR3/PR07
• SPCG-7/SFUO-3

Management of Locally Advanced Disease

Post-prostatectomy radiation

• ARTISTIC Lancet 2020 (meta-analysis of adjuvant vs. salvage) RADICALS Lancet 2020 (adjuvant vs. salvage)

Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer

• CHAARTED NEJM 2015 (docetaxel)
• STAMPEDE Lancet 2016 (docetaxel)
• STAMPEDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone)
• LATITUDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone)
• STAMPEDE Lancet 2018 (radiation)
• ENZAMET NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide)
• ARCHES JCO 2019 (enzalutamide)
• TITAN NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide)

Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Non-metastatic

• ARAMIS NEJM 2018 (darolutamide)
• SPARTAN NEJM 2018 (apalutamide)
• PROSPER NEJM 2018 (enzalutamide)

Metastatic

Pre-docetaxel

• AFFIRM NEJM 2012 (enzalutamide)
• PREVAIL NEJM 2014 (enzalutamide)
• COU-AA-302
• TAX-327
• IMPACT

Post-docetaxel

• COU-AA-301
• VISION (177Lu-PSMA-617)
• PROfound NEJM 2020 (Olaparib)
• Denosumab vs. zoledronate
• TheraP (177Lu-PSMA-617 vs. cabazitaxel)
• ALSYMPCA (Radium-223)

Incidence of germline mutations in genes mediating DNA-repair processes in prostate cancer NEJM 2016

Kidney Cancer

• EORTC 30904 Partial vs. Radical Nephrectomy
• EORTC 30811 Eur Urol 2009 LND for cN0 suspected RCC

Cytoreductive nephrectomy

• SWOG 8949 IFN-α vs. CN + IFN-α vs.
• EORTC 30947 IFN-α vs. CN + IFN-α
• SURTIME JAMA Onc 2019 CN + sunitnib vs. sunitnib + CN
• CARMENA NEJM 2018 sunitnib vs. CN + sunitnib

Systemic treatment for metastatic disease

• CheckMate 214 NEJM 2018 (nivolumab + ipilimumab vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC)
• CheckMate 9ER NEJM 2020 (nivolumab + cabozantinib vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC)
• CLEAR NEJM 2021 (lenvatinib + pembrolizumab vs. lenvatinib + everolimus vs. sunitinib)

Adjuvant therapy after nephrectomy

• ASSURE Lancet 2016 (sunitnib vs. sorafenib)
• S-TRAC (sunitnib)
• KEYNOTE-564 (pembrolizumab)

Bladder Cancer

Blue-light vs. white-light flexible cystoscopy in NMIBC surveillance 2018

NMIBC Intravesical Therapy Chemotherapy Meta-analysis of trials evaluating chemotherapy on risk of NMIBC recurrence 2013

BCG SWOG 8216/38 NEJM 1991 (BCG vs. doxorubicin BCG maintenance)

SWOG 8507 J Urol 2000 (induction vs. induction + maintenance BCG)

BCG and NMIBC Recurrence Cochrane Review 2000

BCG and NMIBC Progression Meta-analaysis 2002

BCG vs. MMC in NMIBC Cochrane Review 2003

BCG unresponsive NMIBC KEYNOTE-057 (pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive CIS)

MIBC Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy SWOG 8710 NEJM 2003 (neoadjuvant MVAC)

BA06 30894 JCO 2011 (neoadjuvant CMV)

Immunotherapy CheckMate 274 NEJM 2021 (adjuvant nivolumab)

Cystectomy RAZOR Lancet 2018 (robotic vs. open radical cystectomy)

LEA AUO AB 25/02 (limited vs. extended LND)

Systemic treatment for locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic disease KEYNOTE-361 Lancet Onc 2021 (pembrolizumab + chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone vs. pembrolizumab alone)

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Olympus Lancet Onc 2020 (UGN-101 for papillary UTUC)

Non-Oncology

Andrology

TEAAM (Testosterone's Effects on Atherosclerosis Progression in Aging Men) JAMA 2015

Functional

TOMUS (retropubic vs. transobturator MUS)

MTOPS (combination alpha-blocker + 5ARI)

CombAT (combination alpha-blocker + 5ARI)

Pediatrics

RIVUR NEJM 2014 (antibiotic prophylaxis in VUR)

Other

Mechanical Bowel Preparation for Elective Colorectal Surgery Cochrane Review 2011