Benign Bladder Tumours

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Epithelial Metaplasia[edit | edit source]

  • Squamous metaplasia
    • Often has a knobby appearance and is covered by white, flaky, easily disrupted material lying on the trigone.
    • ≈40% of women and 5% of men have squamous metaplasia of the bladder, which is usually related to infection, trauma, or surgery; a normal finding in premenopausal females
  • Glandular metaplasia
    • Appears as clumps of raised red areas that appear inflammatory
    • Often confused for cancer

Management[edit | edit source]

  • No treatment is needed

Leukoplakia[edit | edit source]

  • Similar to squamous metaplasia with the addition of keratin deposition that appears as a white flaky substance floating in the bladder

Management[edit | edit source]

  • No treatment is needed

Urothelial papilloma[edit | edit source]

  • Composed of delicate stalks lined by normal-appearing urothelium
  • Papillomas may recur, but do not progress or invade

Inverted papilloma[edit | edit source]

  • Associated with chronic inflammation or bladder outlet obstruction
  • Can be located throughout the bladder but most commonly on the trigone
  • 1% incidence of tumor recurrence, but do not progress or invade

Management[edit | edit source]

  • Transurethral resection is the treatment

Nephrogenic Adenoma[edit | edit source]

  • Rare
  • Caused by chronic irritation of the urothelium; also associated with trauma, previous surgery, renal transplantation, intravesical chemotherapy, stones, catheters, and infection

Cystitis Cystica and Glandularis[edit | edit source]

  • Common finding in normal bladders
  • Usually associated with inflammation or chronic obstruction
  • Cystitis glandularis may be associated with pelvic lipomatosis

Management[edit | edit source]

  • Regular endoscopic evaluation of patients with these entities is recommended
    • Few case reports of cystitis cystica or glandularis transforming into adenocarcinoma

Leiomyoma[edit | edit source]

  • Occur most commonly in women of childbearing age

Management[edit | edit source]

  • Surgical resection is required if the leiomyoma is large or painful

Endometriosis[edit | edit source]

Management[edit | edit source]

  • Can be treated with hormones, TUR, or partial cystectomy

Questions[edit | edit source]

  1. List benign tumours of the bladder

Answers[edit | edit source]

  1. List benign tumours of the bladder
    1. Epithelial metaplasia
    2. Leukoplakia
    3. Papilloma
    4. Inverted papilloma
    5. Nephrogenic adenoma
    6. Cystitis cystica/glandularis
    7. Leiomyoma
    8. Endometriosis

References[edit | edit source]

  • Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA (eds): CAMPBELL-WALSH UROLOGY, ed 11. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2015, chap 92