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== Oncology == === Prostate Cancer === ==== Prevention ==== * PCPT 2003 (Finasteride) * SELECT 2009 (Selenium and Vitamin E) * REDUCE 2010 (Dutasteride) ==== Screening ==== * PLCO 2008 * ERSPC 2009 * Goteburg 2010 * CAP 2018 ==== Diagnosis and Evaluation ==== * MRI PROMIS 2017 * PRECISION 2018 * MRI-FIRST 2019 * ASIST 2019 (MRI in AS) * STHLM3 NEJM 2021 (MRI-targetted vs. standard biopsy in prostate cancer screening) * PET proPSMA 2020 * [[Prostate Cancer: Diagnosis and evaluation#Targeted biopsy only vs. targeted and systematic|Goteborg-2 NEJM 2022 & 2024]] (Systematic +/- targeted vs. targeted only prostate biopsy diagnosis and screening) ==== PSA and Other Markers ==== * Stamey et al. NEJM 1987 * Catalona et al. NEJM 1991 * Catalona et al. J Urol 1994 (PSA vs. DRE detection in screening) * Catalona et al. 1998 (%fPSA) ==== Prostate Biopsy ==== * Antibiotic Prophylaxis in TRUS Biopsy of the Prostate Cochrane Review 2011 * Rates of hospital admission and mortality after TRUS-biopsy J Urol 2013 ==== Management of Localized Disease ==== ===== Observation vs. Treatment of Prostate Cancer ===== * PIVOT NEJM 2012 * SPCG-4 NEJM 2014 * PROTECT NEJM 2016 ==== Active surveillance ==== * REDEEM Lancet 2012 (dutasteride in AS progression) ==== Radical prostatectomy ==== * Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy ==== Radiation and ADT ==== * EORTC 22863 NEJM 1997 (EBRT +/- 3 years ADT) * RTOG 86-10 (EBRT +/- 4 months ADT) * RTOG 92-02 * EORTC 22961 * PR3/PR07 * SPCG-7/SFUO-3 ==== Post-prostatectomy radiation ==== * Adjuvant vs. Observation **[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Prostate_Cancer:_Management_of_Locally_Advanced_Prostate_Cancer#Southwest_Oncology_Group_(SWOG)_8794 SWOG 8794] **[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Prostate_Cancer:_Management_of_Locally_Advanced_Prostate_Cancer#European_Organization_for_Research_and_Treatment_of_Cancer_(EORTC)_22911 EORTC 22911] **[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Prostate_Cancer:_Management_of_Locally_Advanced_Prostate_Cancer#ARO_96-02 ARO 96-02] *ARTISTIC Lancet 2020 (meta-analysis of adjuvant vs. salvage) *RADICALS Lancet 2020 (adjuvant vs. salvage) ==== Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer ==== * CHAARTED NEJM 2015 (docetaxel) * STAMPEDE Lancet 2016 (docetaxel) * STAMPEDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone) * LATITUDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone) * STAMPEDE Lancet 2018 (radiation) * ENZAMET NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide) * ARCHES JCO 2019 (enzalutamide) * TITAN NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide) *[https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Hormonal_Therapy#LHRH_antagonists HERO NEJM 2020 (LHRH antagonist)] ==== Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer ==== ===== Non-metastatic ===== * ARAMIS NEJM 2018 (darolutamide) * SPARTAN NEJM 2018 (apalutamide) * PROSPER NEJM 2018 (enzalutamide) ===== Metastatic ===== Pre-docetaxel * AFFIRM NEJM 2012 (enzalutamide) * PREVAIL NEJM 2014 (enzalutamide) * COU-AA-302 * TAX-327 * IMPACT Post-docetaxel * COU-AA-301 * VISION (177Lu-PSMA-617) * PROfound NEJM 2020 (Olaparib) * Denosumab vs. zoledronate * TheraP (177Lu-PSMA-617 vs. cabazitaxel) * ALSYMPCA (Radium-223) Incidence of germline mutations in genes mediating DNA-repair processes in prostate cancer NEJM 2016 === Kidney Cancer === * EORTC 30904 Partial vs. Radical Nephrectomy * EORTC 30811 Eur Urol 2009 LND for cN0 suspected RCC ==== Cytoreductive nephrectomy ==== * SWOG 8949 IFN-Ξ± vs. CN + IFN-Ξ± vs. * EORTC 30947 IFN-Ξ± vs. CN + IFN-Ξ± * SURTIME JAMA Onc 2019 CN + sunitnib vs. sunitnib + CN * CARMENA NEJM 2018 sunitnib vs. CN + sunitnib ==== Systemic treatment for metastatic disease ==== * CheckMate 214 NEJM 2018 (nivolumab + ipilimumab vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC) * CheckMate 9ER NEJM 2020 (nivolumab + cabozantinib vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC) * CLEAR NEJM 2021 (lenvatinib + pembrolizumab vs. lenvatinib + everolimus vs. sunitinib) ===== Adjuvant therapy after nephrectomy ===== * ASSURE Lancet 2016 (sunitnib vs. sorafenib) * S-TRAC (sunitnib) * KEYNOTE-564 (pembrolizumab) === Bladder Cancer === ==== NMIBC ==== * [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Bladder_Cancer:_Diagnosis_and_Evaluation#Enhanced_cystoscopy Blue-light vs. white-light flexible cystoscopy in NMIBC surveillance 2018] ===== Intravesical Therapy ===== ====== Chemotherapy ====== * Meta-analysis of trials evaluating chemotherapy on risk of NMIBC recurrence 2013 ====== BCG ====== * SWOG 8216/38 NEJM 1991 (BCG vs. doxorubicin BCG maintenance) * SWOG 8507 J Urol 2000 (induction vs. induction + maintenance BCG) * BCG and NMIBC Recurrence Cochrane Review 2000 * BCG and NMIBC Progression Meta-analaysis 2002 * BCG vs. MMC in NMIBC Cochrane Review 2003 ===== BCG unresponsive NMIBC ===== * KEYNOTE-057 (pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive CIS) ==== MIBC ==== ===== Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ===== * [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#Evidence SWOG 8710 NEJM 2003 (neoadjuvant MVAC)] * [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#Evidence BA06 30894 JCO 2011 (neoadjuvant CMV)] ===== Immunotherapy ===== * [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Muscle-Invasive_Bladder_Cancer#CheckMate_274_(adjuvant_nivolumab) CheckMate 274 NEJM 2021 (adjuvant nivolumab)] ===== Cystectomy ===== * [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Cystectomy#RAZOR_(Lancet_2018) RAZOR Lancet 2018 (robotic vs. open radical cystectomy)] * [https://test.urologyschool.com/index.php/Cystectomy#Extended_lymph_node_dissection LEA AUO AB 25/02 (limited vs. extended LND)] ==== Systemic treatment for locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic disease ==== * KEYNOTE-361 Lancet Onc 2021 (pembrolizumab + chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone vs. pembrolizumab alone) === Upper tract urothelial carcinoma === * Olympus Lancet Onc 2020 (UGN-101 for papillary UTUC)
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